Effects of GL and SA on inhibiting TNF-α-induced NF-κB activation. (A) After transfected with Igκ2-IFN-LUC and pRL-TK plasmids, HEK293 cells in different groups were treated with 10 ng/mL TNF-α, 0.01 μmol/L SA or 0.01 μmol/L GL for 6 h. The luciferase activity was expressed as the ratio of firefly to renilla luminescence. Mean±SEM. n=3. cP<0.01 vs control without any stimulation. fP<0.01 vs the TNF-α-activated group. (B) NIH-3T3 cells, treated with 0.01 μmol/L GL, 0.01 μmol/L SA or the combination, were then stimulated by 10 ng/mL TNF-α. The time course of I-κBα protein degradation was analyzed by Western blot. Three separate experiments confirmed observed changes.