Table 2.
Opioid dependent (n=24) | Non-medical user of opioids (n=21) | |
---|---|---|
Age | 38.9 (SD 12.0) | 50.4 (SD 7.8)*** |
Gender | ||
Male: | 14 (58.3%) | 12 (57.1%) |
Ethnicity | ||
White: | 8 (33.3%) | 16 (76.2%)* |
Hispanic: | 8 (33.3%) | 2 (9.5%) |
Black: | 8 (33.3%) | 3 (14.3%) |
Remaining in treatment at 6 months | 17 (70.8%) | 8 (38.1%)* |
Reason for discontinuing treatment | ||
Lost to follow-up: | 3 (12.5%) | 3 (14.3%) |
Lack of efficacy: | 0 | 4 (19.1%) |
Side effects: | 0 | 4 (19.1%) |
Refused treatment: | 2 (8.3%) | 0 |
Scheduled taper: | 1 (4.2%) | 0 |
Other: | 1 (4.2%) | 2 (9.5%) |
History of heroin use | 18 (75.0%) | 6 (28.6%)** |
History of chronic pain | 11 (45.8%) | 21 (100%)*** |
Prescribed pain meds by PCP | 17 (70.8%) | 19 (90.5%) |
Oxycodone | 8 (47.1%) | 9 (47.4%) |
Hydromorphone | 5 (29.4%) | 5 (26.3%) |
Morphine | 1 (5.9%) | 4 (21.1%) |
Methadone | 2 (11.8%) | 3 (15.8%) |
Tramadol | 2 (11.8%) | 1 (5.3%) |
Fentanyl | 0 | 2 (10.5%) |
Psychiatric Diagnosis | 19 (79.2%) | 16 (76.2%) |
Major depressive d/o | 17 (89.5%) | 13 (81.3%) |
Generalized anxiety d/o | 9 (47.4%) | 9 (56.3%) |
Post-traumatic stress d/o | 5 (26.3%) | 4 (25.0%) |
Bipolar d/o | 1 (5.3%) | 2 (12.5%) |
Other | 2 (10.5%) | 1 (6.3%) |
HIV | 3 (12.5%) | 0 |
Hepatitis C | 9 (37.5%) | 7 (33.3%) |
Diabetes Mellitus | 3 (12.5%) | 4 (19.1%) |
Cancer | 4 (16.7%) | 2 (9.5%) |
Buprenorphine maximum dose (mg) | 20.2 (SD 7.1) | 21.8 (SD 9.9) |
Aberrant urine toxicology results | ||
Baseline | 16 (76.2%, n=21) | 11 (61.1%, n=18) |
3 months | 3 (18.8%, n=16) | 4 (33.3%, n=12) |
6 months | 4 (28.6%, n=14) | 3 (37.5%, n=8) |
Cravings | ||
Baseline | 4.0 (SD 3.0, n=9) | 4.4 (SD 3.6, n=5) |
3 months | 3.4 (SD 1.8, n=5) | 1.0 (SD 1.6, n=5) |
6 months | 1.2 (SD 2.0, n=6) | 0 (n=2) |
Pain severity | ||
Baseline | 3.1 (SD 3.3, n=10) | 8.0 (SD 2.1, n=7)** |
3 months | 0.9 (SD 2.0, n=6) | 6.2 (SD 1.6, n=5)** |
6 months | 4.0 (SD 4.1, n=7) | 6.3 (SD 0.2, n=2) |
Pain disability | ||
Baseline | 3.5 (SD 3.6, n=10) | 8.5 (SD 1.2, n=7)** |
3 months | 0.3 (SD 0.6, n=6) | 5.4 (SD 1.9, n=5)** |
6 months | 4.0 (SD 3.9, n=7) | 5.8 (SD 1.1, n=2) |
p<0.05
p<0.01
p<0.001