TABLE 4.
Prognostic biomarkers
| BIOMARKER | GENE | ANTIBODY | FUNCTION | PROGNOSIS |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mitotic rate | N/A | N/A | N/A | Higher rate associated with worse prognosis83,84 |
| Ki-67 | MKI-67 | Ki-67 (MIB-1 clone) | Nuclear antigen expressed during proliferation85 | Higher expression associated with worse prognosis86,87 |
| MCAM | MCAM | Anti-MCAM | Cell adhesion molecule.96 | Higher expression associated with worse prognosis100,101 |
| Metallothionein I and II | Family of genes on chromosone 16q13102 | Dako E9 mouse monoclonal antibody103-105 | Homeostasis of heavy metal ions and protection against oxidative stress.102 | Higher expression associated with worse prognosis103-105 |