TABLE 4.
Association between demographic and clinical parameters and the presence of DNA from various Lactobacillus species in breast milk samples
| Lactobacillus | L casei | L fermentum | L gasseri | L plantarum | L reuteri | L rhamnosus | L salivarius | |||||||||
| N (%) | P* | N (%) | P | N (%) | P | N (%) | P | N (%) | P | N (%) | P | N (%) | P | N (%) | P | |
| Nationality | ||||||||||||||||
| German (n = 101) | 68 (67.33) | 0.890† | 5 (4.95) | 0.417† | 24 (23.76) | 0.300† | 21 (20.79) | 0.781† | 13 (12.87) | 0.497† | 12 (11.88) | 1.000† | 8 (7.92) | 0.639† | 36 (35.64) | 1.000† |
| Austrian (n = 47) | 33 (70.21) | 1 (2.13) | 15 (31.91) | 12 (25.53) | 4 (8.51) | 6 (12.77) | 5 (10.64) | 16 (34.04) | ||||||||
| Others (n = 11) | 7 (63.64) | 1 (9.09) | 1 (9.09) | 2 (18.18) | 0 (0.00) | 1 (9.09) | 0 (0.00) | 4 (36.36) | ||||||||
| Country of sampling | ||||||||||||||||
| Germany (East) (n = 61) | 41 (67.21) | 0.845† | 3 (4.92) | 0.856† | 14 (22.95) | 0.570 | 12 (19.67) | 0.927† | 8 (13.11) | 0.777† | 10 (16.39) | 0.302† | 6 (9.84) | 0.827† | 21 (34.43) | 0.552† |
| Germany (South) (n = 43) | 27 (62.79) | 2 (4.65) | 10 (23.26) | 10 (23.26) | 3 (6.98) | 2 (4.65) | 2 (4.65) | 15 (34.88) | ||||||||
| Austria (East) (n = 15) | 11 (73.33) | 1 (6.67) | 6 (40.00) | 3 (20.00) | 1 (6.67) | 2 (13.33) | 1 (6.67) | 3 (20.00) | ||||||||
| Austria (West) (n = 41) | 29 (70.73) | 1 (2.44) | 10 (24.39) | 10 (24.39) | 5 (12.20) | 5 (12.20) | 4 (9.76) | 17 (41.46) | ||||||||
| Origin of mother | ||||||||||||||||
| Urban (n = 82) | 55 (67.07) | 0.906 | 4 (4.88) | 1.000† | 20 (24.39) | 0.855 | 18 (21.95) | 0.981 | 7 (8.54) | 0.379 | 10 (12.20) | 0.898 | 7 (8.54) | 0.845 | 24 (29.27) | 0.119 |
| Rural (n = 78) | 53 (67.95) | 3 (3.85) | 20 (25.64) | 17 (21.79) | 10 (12.82) | 9 (11.54) | 6 (7.69) | 32 (41.03) | ||||||||
| No. children | ||||||||||||||||
| 1 (n = 104) | 72 (69.23) | 0.607 | 5 (4.81) | 0.313† | 21 (20.19) | 0.136† | 28 (26.92) | 0.119† | 11 (10.58) | 0.913† | 14 (13.46) | 0.474† | 8 (7.69) | 0.806† | 34 (32.69) | 0.468† |
| 2 (n = 45) | 30 (66.67) | 1 (2.22) | 15 (33.33) | 6 (13.33) | 5 (11.11) | 5 (11.11) | 4 (8.89) | 19 (42.22) | ||||||||
| ≥3 (n = 11) | 6 (54.55) | 1 (9.09) | 4 (36.36) | 1 (9.09) | 1 (9.09) | 0 (0.00) | 1 (9.09) | 3 (27.27) | ||||||||
| Delivery month | ||||||||||||||||
| January–March (n = 21) | 15 (71.43) | 0.121 | 1 (4.76) | 0.129† | 7 (33.33) | 0.769† | 6 (28.57) | 0.191 | 2 (9.52) | 0.190† | 4 (19.05) | 0.326† | 1 (4.76) | 0.378† | 5 (23.81) | 0.104 |
| April–June (n = 16) | 14 (87.50) | 0 (0.00) | 3 (18.75) | 6 (37.50) | 4 (25.00) | 2 (12.50) | 2 (12.50) | 8 (50.00) | ||||||||
| July–September (n = 51) | 29 (56.86) | 5 (9.80) | 13 (25.49) | 12 (23.53) | 3 (5.88) | 3 (5.88) | 2 (3.92) | 13 (25.49) | ||||||||
| October–December (n = 72) | 50 (69.44) | 1 (1.39) | 17 (23.61) | 11 (15.28) | 8 (11.11) | 10 (13.89) | 8 (11.11) | 30 (41.67) | ||||||||
| Infant sex | ||||||||||||||||
| Female (n = 80) | 52 (65.00) | 0.500 | 4 (5.00) | 1.000† | 18 (22.50) | 0.465 | 13 (16.25) | 0.085 | 8 (10.00) | 0.798 | 10 (12.50) | 0.807 | 7 (8.75) | 0.772 | 23 (28.75) | 0.097 |
| Male (n = 80) | 56 (77.00) | 3 (3.75) | 22 (27.50) | 22 (27.50) | 9 (11.25) | 9 (11.25) | 6 (7.50) | 33 (41.25) | ||||||||
| Breast-feeding | ||||||||||||||||
| Exclusively (n = 108) | 73 (67.59) | 0.896 | 4 (3.70) | 0.532† | 26 (24.07) | 0.647 | 23 (21.30) | 0.751 | 10 (9.26) | 0.395 | 13 (12.04) | 0.961 | 9 (8.33) | 1.000 | 37 (34.26) | 0.712 |
| Partial (n = 51) | 35 (68.63) | 3 (5.88) | 14 (27.45) | 12 (23.53) | 7 (13.73) | 6 (11.76) | 4 (7.84) | 19 (37.25) | ||||||||
| Time of lactation | ||||||||||||||||
| <1 week (n = 16) | 11 (68.75) | 0.577 | 1 (6.25) | 0.815† | 5 (31.25) | 0.716 | 4 (25.00) | 0.127 | 2 (12.50) | 0.570† | 3 (18.75) | 0.594† | 0 (0.00) | 0.483† | 4 (25.00) | 0.619 |
| 1–4 weeks (n = 118) | 77 (65.25) | 5 (4.24) | 29 (24.58) | 22 (18.64) | 11 (9.32) | 13 (11.02) | 10 (8.47) | 41 (34.75) | ||||||||
| >4 weeks (n = 25) | 19 (76.00) | 1 (4.00) | 5 (20.00) | 9 (36.00) | 4 (16.00) | 3 (12.00) | 3 (12.00) | 10 (40.00) | ||||||||
| Delivery mode | ||||||||||||||||
| Vaginal (n = 125) | 89 (71.20) | 0.059 | 6 (4.80) | 1.000† | 35 (28.00) | 0.098 | 29 (23.20) | 0.444 | 14 (11.20) | 0.767† | 14 (11.20) | 0.618 | 9 (7.20) | 0.483† | 48 (38.40) | 0.088 |
| Cesarean section (n = 35) | 19 (54.29) | 1 (2.86) | 5 (14.29) | 6 (17.14) | 3 (8.57) | 5 (14.29) | 4 (11.43) | 8 (22.86) | ||||||||
| Anesthesia during delivery | ||||||||||||||||
| No (n = 103) | 74 (71.84) | 0.097 | 2 (1.94) | 0.053† | 30 (29.13) | 0.068 | 22 (21.36) | 0.787 | 12 (11.65) | 0.596 | 10 (9.71) | 0.384 | 8 (7.77) | 0.799 | 44 (42.72) | 0.007 |
| Yes (n = 56) | 33 (58.93) | 5 (8.93) | 9 (16.07) | 13 (23.21) | 5 (8.93) | 8 (14.29) | 5 (8.93) | 12 (21.43) | ||||||||
| Antibiotherapy‡ | ||||||||||||||||
| No (n = 95) | 80 (84.21) | 0.000 | 4 (4.21) | 1.000† | 31 (32.63) | 0.007 | 24 (25.26) | 0.210 | 14 (14.74) | 0.065† | 12 (12.63) | 0.721 | 7 (7.37) | 0.672 | 45 (47.37) | <0.001 |
| Yes (n = 65) | 28 (43.08) | 3 (4.62) | 9 (13.85) | 11 (16.92) | 3 (4.62) | 7 (10.77) | 6 (9.23) | 11 (16.92) | ||||||||
*χ2 test.
†Fisher-Freeman-Halton exact test.
‡During pregnancy and/or breast-feeding.