TABLE 5.
Association between demographic and clinical parameters and the presence of DNA from various Bifidobacterium species in breast milk samples
| Bifidobacterium | B breve | B lactis | B longum | ||||||
| N (%) | P* | N (%) | P | N (%) | P | N (%) | P | ||
| Nationality | |||||||||
| German (n = 101) | 27 (26.73) | 0.917† | 13 (12.87) | 0.753† | 6 (5.94) | 0.659† | 6 (5.94) | 0.659† | |
| Austrian (n = 47) | 12 (25.53) | 8 (17.02) | 1 (2.13) | 1 (2.13) | |||||
| Others (n = 11) | 2 (18.18) | 1 (9.09) | 0 (0.00) | 0 (0.00) | |||||
| Country of sampling | |||||||||
| Germany (East) (n = 61) | 21 (34.43) | 0.051† | 11 (18.03) | 0.174† | 4 (6.56) | 0.815† | 3 (4.92) | 0.656† | |
| Germany (South) (n = 43) | 6 (13.95) | 2 (4.65) | 2 (4.65) | 3 (6.98) | |||||
| Austria (East) (n = 15) | 3 (20.00) | 2 (13.33) | 0 (0.00) | 0 (0.00) | |||||
| Austria (West) (n = 41) | 11 (26.83) | 7 (17.07) | 1 (2.44) | 1 (2.44) | |||||
| Origin of mother | |||||||||
| City (n = 82) | 22 (26.83) | 0.720 | 11 (13.41) | 0.900 | 3 (3.66) | 0.715† | 4 (4.88) | 1.000† | |
| Country (n = 78) | 19 (24.36) | 11 (14.10) | 4 (5.13) | 3 (3.85) | |||||
| No. children | |||||||||
| 1 (n = 104) | 28 (26.92) | 0.834† | 16 (15.38) | 0.864† | 5 (4.81) | 1.000† | 4 (3.85) | 0.518† | |
| 2 (n = 45) | 10 (22.22) | 5 (11.11) | 2 (4.44) | 2 (4.44) | |||||
| >3 (n = 11) | 3 (27.27) | 1 (9.09) | 0 (0.00) | 1 (9.09) | |||||
| Delivery month | |||||||||
| January–March (n = 21) | 7 (33.33) | 0.711 | 4 (19.05) | 0.132† | 0 (0.00) | 0.784† | 0 (0.00) | 0.114† | |
| April–June (n = 16) | 5 (31.25) | 5 (31.25) | 0 (0.00) | 0 (0.00) | |||||
| July–September (n = 51) | 11 (21.57) | 5 (9.80) | 3 (5.88) | 4 (7.84) | |||||
| October–December (n = 72) | 18 (25.00) | 8 (11.11) | 4 (5.56) | 3 (4.17) | |||||
| Infant sex | |||||||||
| Female (n = 80) | 21 (26.25) | 0.856 | 11 (13.75) | 1.000 | 4 (5.00) | 1.000† | 3 (3.75) | 1.000† | |
| Male (n = 80) | 20 (25.00) | 11 (13.75) | 3 (3.75) | 4 (5.00) | |||||
| Breast-feeding | |||||||||
| Exclusively (n = 108) | 29 (26.85) | 0.655 | 13 (12.04) | 0.339 | 5 (4.63) | 1.000† | 5 (4.63) | 1.000† | |
| Partial (n = 51) | 12 (23.53) | 9 (17.65) | 2 (3.92) | 2 (3.92) | |||||
| Time of lactation | |||||||||
| <1 week (n = 16) | 5 (31.25) | 0.817 | 2 (12.50) | 0.089† | 0 (0.00) | 1.000† | 0 (0.00) | 0.540† | |
| 1–4 weeks (n = 118) | 29 (24.58) | 13 (11.02) | 6 (5.08) | 7 (5.93) | |||||
| >4 weeks (n = 25) | 7 (28.00) | 7 (28.00) | 1 (4.00) | 0 (0.00) | |||||
| Delivery mode | |||||||||
| Vaginal (n = 125) | 34 (27.20) | 0.389 | 17 (13.60) | 0.917 | 6 (4.80) | 1.000† | 6 (4.80) | 1.000† | |
| Cesarean section (n = 35) | 7 (20.00) | 5 (14.29) | 1 (2.86) | 1 (2.86) | |||||
| Anesthesia during delivery | |||||||||
| No (n = 103) | 28 (27.18) | 0.424 | 14 (13.59) | 0.904 | 4 (3.88) | 0.698† | 5 (4.85) | 1.000† | |
| Yes (n = 56) | 12 (21.43) | 8 (14.29) | 3 (5.36) | 2 (3.57) | |||||
| Antibiotherapy‡ | |||||||||
| No (n = 95) | 30 (31.58) | 0.037 | 14 (14.74) | 0.661 | 6 (6.23) | 0.242† | 5 (5.26) | 0.702† | |
| Yes (n = 65) | 11 (16.92) | 8 (12.31) | 1 (1.54) | 2 (3.08) | |||||
*χ2 test.
†Fisher-Freeman-Halton exact test.
‡During pregnancy and/or breast-feeding.