Table 3.

Post translational modification on ETS transcription factors and functional effects related to oncogenesis

ETS protein	Modifying agents/Signaling events	Type of post translational modification	Effects	Pathology involving changes in post translational modification	Reference
TEL	MAPK	Phosphorylation	Loss of repression and export to nucleus	Leukemia	(Wood et al., 2003)
	SUMO conjugating enzyme UBC9	Sumoylation
Ets-1	CAMKII	Phopshorylation	Inhibits DNA binding and transcriptional activation		(Nelson et al., 2010, Foulds et al., 2004)
	MAPK	Phosphorylation	Allows for cooperative transcriptional activation of Ets-1 and AP1, recruitment of p300/CBP to Ets-1, and transcriptional activation of MMP and uPA genes
	TGFβ	Acetylation	Dissociation of p300/CBP, relieving ETS mediated activation, and making p300/CBP available for interaction with SMADs to activate transcription of ECM maintenance proteins	Invasive breast carcinoma	(Czuwara-Ladykowska et al., 2002)
Ets-2	MAPK	Phopshorylation	Increases activation and protein stability	Invasive breast cancer, Leukemia	(Nelson et al., 2010, Foulds et al., 2004, Yang et al., 1996)
ELK-1	MAPK	Phosphorylation	Increased DNA binding affinity and ELK- 1/SRF ternary complex formation, increase transcriptional activation	Cervical cancer (HeLa)	(Lee, 2005, Latinkic et al., 1996, Tian and Karin, 1999)
	SUMO conjugating enzyme UBC9	Sumoylation	Recruitment of HDACs, repression of transcriptional activation		(Yang and Sharrocks, 2004, Yang et al., 2003)
ELF-1	Agents unidentified	Phosphorylation	Maximal activation of the ELF-1 promoter,converts ELF-1 from 80KDa to 98KDa,dissociates from Rb in cytoplasm and translocates to nucleus		(Juang et al., 2002)
		Glycosylation
Er81	HER2/Neu signaling; MAPK	Phosphorylation	Activates transcription	Breast cancer	(Bosc et al., 2001, Janknecht, 2001, Wang et al., 2011)
	MSK1, PKA, Mk2		Suppresses transcriptional activity
	p300;P/CAF	Acetylation	Increases DNA binding affinity and potency of Er81 TAD; inhibits ubiquitin mediated degradation.		(Goel and Janknecht, 2003)
SAP-1	MAPK	Phosphorylation	Increases DNA affinity, promotes ternary complex, increases transcriptional activation		(Strahl et al., 1996)
NET	Ras-ERK	Phosphorylation	Converts repressor to activator, stimulates angiogenesis		(Giovane et al., 1994)
	JNK	Phosphorylation
	SUMO conjugating enzyme UBC9	Sumoylation	Increases repression		(Wasylyk et al., 2005)