Table 1.
Characteristics of study participants
The characteristics of study participants at baseline (visit #1) by arrival status are typical of an inner city minority population. All data presented in mean (standard deviation), unless otherwise specified. Continuous variables analyzed by ANOVA; categorical variables analyzed by Pearson chi-square test or Fisher’s exact test. P-values refer to comparisons between failed to attend and arrived. Particular refers to having a particular complaint such as cancer pain or back pain as compared to a nonspecific complaint. Zip code refers to average distance from pain clinic per participant’s zip code.
| Variable | Total n= 1394 | Failed to attend n = 668 | Arrived n = 726 | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demographics | ||||
| Age | 50.32 (11.03) | 49.81 (11.71) | 50.79 (10.35) | 0.10 |
| Female, N (%) | 798 (57.25) | 368 (55.09) | 430 (59.23) | 0.12 |
| Particular, N (%) | 927 (71.97) | 311 (54.66) | 616 (85.67) | <0.001 |
| Race – Caucasian (%) | 172 (12.83) | 73 (11.76) | 99 (13.75) | 0.22 |
| Black, N(%) | 545 (40.64) | 248 (39.94) | 297 (41.25) | |
| Hispanic, N (%) | 441 (32.89) | 221 (35.59) | 220 (30.56) | |
| Other race, N (%) | 183 (13.65) | 79 (12.72) | 104 (14.44) | |
| English, N (%) | 994 (74.07) | 455 (73.27) | 539 (74.76) | 0.58 |
| Spanish, N (%) | 279 (20.79) | 130 (20.93) | 149 (20.67) | |
| Other language, N (%) | 69 (5.14) | 36 (5.80) | 33 (4.58) | |
| Payment Type, N (%) | ||||
| Charity Care | 419 (31.50) | 189 (30.78) | 230 (32.12) | 0.099 |
| Medicare | 91 (6.84) | 39 (6.35) | 52 (7.26) | |
| Medicaid | 519 (39.02) | 261 (42.51) | 258 (36.03) | |
| Private | 60 (4.51) | 20 (3.26) | 40 (5.59) | |
| Self | 26 (1.95) | 13 (2.12) | 13 (1.82) | |
| Unknown | 215 (16.17) | 92 (14.98) | 123 (17.18) | |
| Employed, N (%) | 109 (8.14) | 59 (9.55) | 50 (6.93) | 0.14 |
| Unemployed, N (%) | 1153 (84.14) | 520 (84.14) | 633 (87.79) | |
| Disability, N (%) | 77 (5.75) | 39 (6.31) | 38 (5.27) | |
| Zip Code (miles), N (%) | ||||
| 0–5 | 692 (51.60) | 331 (53.22) | 361 (50.21) | 0.040 |
| 5–10 | 230 (17.15) | 118 (18.97) | 112 (15.58) | |
| 10–20 | 238 (17.75) | 97 (15.59) | 141 (19.61) | |
| 20–30 | 75 (5.59) | 26 (4.18) | 49 (6.82) | |
| 30 | 106 (7.90) | 50 (8.04) | 56 (7.79) | |
| Referring Physician, N (%) | ||||
| Primary Care | 844 (63.99) | 403 (66.83) | 441 (61.59) | 0.073 |
| Neurosurgery | 304 (23.05) | 134 (22.22) | 170 (23.74) | |
| Orthopedics | 171 (12.96) | 66 (10.95) | 105 (14.66) | |