Table I. Means and standard deviations by variable.
| Measure | 22ql IDS Mean (SD) | Measure | 22qllDS Mean (SD) | Normal families Mean (SD)* | Distressed families Mean (SD)* |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CBCL Total Problem Behaviour | 64.0 (8.86) | FES Cohesion | 7.22 (2.25) | 6.73 (1.47) | 5.25 (2.13) |
| CBCL Total Competency† | 36.8 (8.02) | FES Expressiveness | 5.79 (1.97) | 5.54 (1.61) | 4.71 (1.78) |
| CBCL Oppositional Behaviour | 58.4 (6.95) | FES Conflict | 2.14 (1.97) | 3.18 (1.91) | 4.02 (2.07) |
| SSRS Total Social Skills‡ | 85.9 (15.97) | FES Independence | 5.91 (1.64) | 6.66 (1.26) | 6.03 (1.35) |
| SSRS Problems‡ | 107.8 (15.95) | FES Achievement orientation | 4.66 (2.10) | 5.47 (1.62) | 5.33 (1.58) |
| WIAT Broad Reading‡ | 85.2 (18.18) | FES Intellectual orientation | 6.20 (2.28) | 5.56 (1.82) | 4.62 (1.98) |
| WCST | 88.3 (1 1.37) | FES Active-Recreational | 5.33 (2.35) | 5.33 (1.96) | 4.15 (1.96) |
| CGAS | 64.7 (7.37) | FES Moral-Religious | 6.27 (2.37) | 4.75 (2.03) | 4.51 (1.96) |
| SES§ | 29.3 (13.45) | FES Organisation | 5.68 (2.61) | 5.47 (1.90) | 5.07 (1.97) |
| PDI Physical Punishment | 0.5 (0.66) | FES Control | 5.22 (2.02) | 4.26 (1.84) | 4.61 (1.89) |
| PDI Organisation | 3.9 (1.2) | ||||
| PDI Letting the Situation Go | 0.1 (0.27) | ||||
| PDI Nurturance | 4.83 (1.2) | ||||
| PDI Inconsistency | 2.31 (.86) | ||||
| PDI Following Through on Discipline | 3.91 (1.18) | ||||
| PDI Amount of Control | 3.91 (1.21) |
Cited in Moos & Moos (2009). Distressed norms derived from families with depressed individuals, children in crisis, psychiatric patients and alcohol use problems. Distressed families are lower on cohesion, expressiveness, independence, intellectual and recreational orientation and higher on conflict.
T-scores, where M = 50, SD = 10.
Standard scores, M = 100, SD = 15.
SES is determined from Hollingshead Index; higher numbers indicate lower SES.
22qn11DS, 22qn11.2 deletion syndrome; SD, standard deviation; CBCL, Child Behaviour Checklist; SSRS, Social Skills Rating Scale; WIAT, Wechsler Individual Achievement Test - III; WCST, Wisconsin Card Sorting Task; CGAS, Children's Global Assessment Scale; PDI, Parenting Dimension Inventory.
Physical Punishment: range 0–3, with higher scores indicating more physical punishment; Organisation: range 1–6, higher scores indicating more organisation; Letting the Situation Go: 0–3, with higher responses indicating parent more likely to let situation go; Nurturance: 1–6, higher responses indicate more nurturance; Inconsistency: 1–6, higher scores indicate a higher likelihood of inconsistency; Following Through on Discipline: 1–6, higher scores indicate more following through on discipline; Amount of Control: 0–5, higher scores representing greater parental control.
FES: Family Environment Scale; raw scores, possible scores: 0–9.
FES Control - higher scores indicate more structured procedures in the family; Achievement orientation - higher scores indicate greater family emphasis on achievement and competition.
SES: socioeconomic status; lower values indicate higher SES.