Table 2. Medications for which current, past or recent use was significantly associated with uncomplicated PUD development in a UK primary care population during 1997–2005.
| Cases | Controls | Associationa | |
| n = 3,914 | n = 9,969 | ||
| n (%) | n (%) | OR (95% CI) | |
| ASA | |||
| Current | 725 (18.5) | 1,133 (11.4) | 1.54 (1.37–1.74) |
| Recent | 65 (1.7) | 89 (0.9) | 1.74 (1.23–2.46) |
| Past | 142 (3.6) | 233 (2.3) | 1.28 (1.01–1.61) |
| NSAIDs | |||
| Current | 560 (14.3) | 734 (7.4) | 1.70 (1.49–1.94) |
| Recent | 103 (2.6) | 212 (2.1) | 1.04 (0.80–1.34) |
| Past | 560 (14.3) | 1,303 (13.1) | 1.03 (0.91–1.16) |
| Oral anticoagulants | |||
| Current | 85 (2.2) | 154 (1.5) | 1.21 (0.91–1.61) |
| Recent | 14 (0.4) | 27 (0.3) | 1.31 (0.66–2.62) |
| Past | 32 (0.8) | 34 (0.3) | 1.81 (1.09–3.02) |
| Paracetamol | |||
| Current | 649 (16.6) | 868 (8.7) | 1.56 (1.38–1.78) |
| Recent | 190 (4.9) | 281 (2.8) | 1.45 (1.18–1.78) |
| Past | 651 (16.6) | 1,140 (11.4) | 1.32 (1.17–1.49) |
| PPIs | |||
| Current | 451 (11.5) | 524 (5.3) | 2.05 (1.77–2.36) |
| Recent | 79 (2.0) | 53 (0.5) | 4.21 (2.92–6.08) |
| Past | 334 (8.5) | 278 (2.8) | 2.89 (2.42–3.44) |
| H2RAs | |||
| Current | 261 (6.7) | 215 (2.2) | 2.99 (2.47–3.63) |
| Recent | 67 (1.7) | 34 (0.3) | 4.62 (2.99–7.12) |
| Past | 344 (8.8) | 237 (2.4) | 3.25 (2.71–3.89) |
| SSRIs | |||
| Current | 159 (4.1) | 216 (2.2) | 1.37 (1.09–1.72) |
| Recent | 20 (0.5) | 52 (0.5) | 0.80 (0.46–1.38) |
| Past | 108 (2.8) | 212 (2.1) | 0.92 (0.72–1.19) |
| Tricyclic antidepressants | |||
| Current | 205 (5.2) | 279 (2.8) | 1.29 (1.05–1.57) |
| Recent | 15 (0.4) | 34 (0.3) | 0.77 (0.39–1.49) |
| Past | 145 (3.7) | 214 (2.1) | 1.28 (1.01–1.61) |
| Antihypertensives | |||
| Current | 1,494 (38.2) | 2,938 (29.5) | 1.13 (1.02–1.26) |
| Recent | 68 (1.7) | 186 (1.9) | 0.82 (0.60–1.11) |
| Past | 165 (4.2) | 310 (3.1) | 1.27 (1.03–1.57) |
Abbreviations: ASA, acetylsalicylic acid; CI, confidence interval; H2RA, histamine type 2 receptor antagonist; NSAID, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug; OR, odds ratio; PCP, primary care physician; PPI, proton pump inhibitor; PUD, peptic ulcer disease; SSRI, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor.
a
Relative to non-use. Adjusted (when appropriate) according to sex, age, year of index date, number of PCP visits and specialist referrals in the year before the index date, smoking status, and use of gastroprotective drugs (PPIs or H2RAs), paracetamol, ASA and NSAIDs.