Table 2.

Comparison of each PSQI score between the groups of without metabolic syndrome and with metabolic syndrome

	Without MetS	With MetS	p value
Male
Global PSQI score	2.69 ± 0.09	3.44 ± 0.19	<0.001
Subjective sleep quality	0.76 ± 0.03	0.87 ± 0.06	0.066
Sleep latency	0.43 ± 0.03	0.63 ± 0.07	0.009
Sleep duration	0.49 ± 0.03	0.69 ± 0.07	0.009
Habitual sleep efficiency	0.02 ± 0.01	0.05 ± 0.02	0.061
Sleep disturbance	0.54 ± 0.02	0.67 ± 0.05	0.025
Use of sleep medication	0.10 ± 0.02	0.11 ± 0.05	0.744
Daytime dysfunction	0.36 ± 0.03	0.41 ± 0.06	0.408
Female
Global PSQI score	3.27 ± 0.07	4.78 ± 0.28	<0.001
Subjective sleep quality	0.81 ± 0.02	0.90 ± 0.08	0.081
Sleep latency	0.53 ± 0.03	1.04 ± 0.10	<0.001
Sleep duration	0.78 ± 0.03	0.88 ± 0.10	0.323
Habitual sleep efficiency	0.01 ± 0.01	0.21 ± 0.03	<0.001
Sleep disturbance	0.57 ± 0.02	0.79 ± 0.07	0.002
Use of sleep medication	0.16 ± 0.02	0.45 ± 0.08	0.001
Daytime dysfunction	0.41 ± 0.02	0.51 ± 0.08	0.231

Data are presented as mean ± standard error.

One-way analysis of covariance for continuous variables were performed to assess whether there were significant differences among the groups of non-metabolic syndrome and metabolic syndrome after adjusted for age, current drinking status, current smoking status, working hours per a week, exercise habits and depression.

Abbreviations: Mets, metabolic syndrome. PSQI, Pittsburgh sleep quality index.