Table 1.
TNFSF member and its expression | Receptors and their expression | Role in IBD pathogenesis | References |
---|---|---|---|
TNF—macrophages, NK cells, T cells, and B cells | (i) TNFR1—intestinal epithelial cells (ii) TNFR2—intestinal epithelial cells |
Disruption of intestinal epithelium integrity by induction of adhesion proteins rearrangement and induction of intestinal cells apoptosis | [20, 43, 44] |
| |||
TL1A—antigen-presenting cells and T cells | (i) DR3—T cells, NK cells, NKT cells, and regulatory T cells (ii) DcR3 (decoy)—activated T cells |
Promotion of proinflammatory activity of T cells and inhibition of suppressive activity of regulatory T cells | [45, 46] |
| |||
FasL—T cells, NK cells, monocytes, and Paneth cells | (i) Fas—intestinal epithelial cells and T cells (ii) DcR3 (decoy)—activated T cells |
Possible disruption of intestinal epithelium integrity by induction of epithelial cells apoptosis. Possible involvement in accumulation of proinflammatory T cells in intestinal lamina propria | [20, 47, 48] |
| |||
LIGHT—T cells, monocytes, granulocytes, and dendritic cells | (i) HVEM—T cells, B cells, and monocytes (ii) LTβR—nonlymphoid hematopoietic cells and stromal cells (iii) DcR3 (decoy)—activated T cells |
Possible promotion of proinflammatory activity of Th1 cells | [20, 49] |
| |||
TRAIL—intestinal epithelium, T cells, NK cells, and dendritic cells | (i) TRAIL-R1—almost all cell types (ii) TRAIL-R2—almost all cell types (iii) TRAIL-R3 (decoy)—almost all cell types (iv) TRAIL-R4 (decoy)—almost all cell types (v) OPG (decoy)—osteoclasts' precursors, endothelial cells, and other cell types |
Disruption of intestinal epithelium integrity by induction of epithelial cells apoptosis. Possible contribution to development of fistulas and strictures in CD patients | [20, 38, 50] |
| |||
TWEAK—T cells, macrophages, and dendritic cells | Fn14—intestinal mucosa and fibroblasts | Possible upregulation of proinflammatory cytokines and infiltration of lamina propria by inflammatory cells. Induction of intestinal cells apoptosis in cooperation with IL-13 | [20, 39, 51] |