Cytokines |
TNFα |
Via TNFR1 signaling in hepatocytes and Kupffer cells (KC) |
Apoptosis, necrosis, KC production of cytokines, potential cytoprotective effect |
Glucocorticoids; Pentoxifylline; Infliximab |
IL-6, 8 |
Lymphocyte and neutrophil activation, release of acute phase reactants |
Inflammation, fibrosis |
Glucocorticoids |
Antigenic adduct |
Oxidation of ethanol, binding to proteins forming antigenic adducts |
Adaptive immunity |
Glucocorticoids |
Chemokines |
Attract leukocytes and increase adhesion molecules |
Inflammation |
Glucocorticoids |
Oxidative Injury |
S-adenosyl-methionine (SAMe) |
Precursor for glutathione, defense mechanism against oxidative stress, increase methylation |
Protective role of SAMe |
SAMe |
Hypoxia/ischemic injury |
Hypermetabolic state |
Insufficient oxygen |
Propylthiouracil |