Table 1.

The causes of HPD

The causes of HPD
Arterioportal shunts
Trauma
Neoplasms
Malignant tumors: HCC, cholangiocarcinoma, metastases
Benign tumors: hemangioma, FNH
Interventional procedures
Biopsy
Biliary and abscess drainage
Various physical treatment of hepatic tumor
Percutaneous transhepatic cholangioscopy
TIPS
Liver cirrhosis
Congenital APS
Intrahepatic vascular compression and occlusion
Neoplasms
Malignant tumors: HCC, cholangiocarcinoma, metastases
Benign tumors: hemangioma, FNH
Inflammatory changes
Hepatic abscess, acute cholecystitis, cholangitis.
Focal eosinophilic necrosis
Hepatic parenchymal compression
Rib compression
Perihepatic peritoneal tumors
Pseudomyxoma peritonei
Perihepatic fluid collections
Others
Right-sided heart failure
Pericardial disease
Budd-Chiari syndrome
Mediastinal fibrosis
Steal phenomenon by hypervascular tumors
HCC
Hypervascular metastases: islet cell tumors, carcinoids, renal cell carcinoma, and breast cancer
Vascular abnormalities and hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia
Vascular variabilities: capsular vein, accessory cystic vein, aberrant right gastric vein
Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia
Unknown causes