Table 6.

Summary results from cohort studies reporting on arsenic exposure and risk of kidney cancer

Study [reference] (Table from original publication)	Study locale	Outcome	ICD 1	Arsenic exposure assessment	Exposure [comments]	Outcome measure	Cohort size	Cases	Risk estimate (95% CI)	Covariates assessed
Chen et al. 1988 [70] (Table Six)	4 neighbouring townships from Blackfoot disease (BFD) endemic area, Taiwan	Morality 1968-83	N/A	Group level	Median arsenic content of artesian well and (range): 0.78 ppm (0.35–1.14); in shallow well: 0.04 (0.00-0.30). General population used as reference. 95% CI obtained from IARC 2012 review [23].	SMR	871	3	19.5 (4.0–57.0)
Lewis et al. 19992[40] (Table Four)	Millard County in Utah, USA	Mortality (Recruitment 1900–1945)	N/A	Group level	Cumulative arsenic exposure derived from: low exposure (< 1000 ppb-year); medium (1,000-4,999 ppb-year); high (≥ 5,000 ppb-year):	SMRmale	4,058	–	1.75 (0.80–3.32)	Individual data on cofactors not available. However, the cohort was assembled from historical membership records of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (Mormons) which prohibits tobacco use and the consumption of alcohol and caffeine.
						SMRfemale		–	1.60 (0.44–4.11)
					< 1,000 ppb•year	SMRmale		–	2.5
						SMRfemale		–	2.4
					1,000 - 4,999 ppb•year	SMRmale		–	1.1
						SMRfemale		–	1.3
					≥ 5,000 ppb•year [Residential history combined with local water records used to assess exposure. High variability in exposure estimates in each community with median arsenic concentrations ranging from 14 to 166 ppb. Records of arsenic measurements dating back to 1964.]	SMRmale		–	1.4
						SMRfemale		–	1.1
†Baastrup et al. 2008 [96] (Table Three)	23 municipalities in Copenhagen & Asrhus areas, Dannemark	Incidence 1993-1997 (Follow-up from enrollment until date of first cancer diagnosis, emigration, death, or Aug. 2003)	N/A	Individual level ‘estimated’	Cumulated arsenic exposure (5 mg˙):	IRR	56,378	53	0.94 (0.84–1.06)	smoking status, smoking duration, smoking intensity, education, occupation
					Time-weighted average exposure (μg˙•L-1):	IRR		53	0.89 (0.65–1.21)
					[Average arsenic exposure from 0.05 to 25.3 μg˙•L-1, with mean of 1.2 μg˙•L-1. Average arsenic concentrations obtained from 4,954 samples from 2,487 water utilities collected, 1987–2004, with most samples dating 2002–04. Residential history 1970–2003.]

†Recent study not included in the International Agency for Research on Cancer 2012 review (Monograph 100C [23]).

¹ICD = International Classification of Disease. N/A = not available.

²95% Confidence intervals not available for data at low, medium and high exposure.