Table 1.

List of Tau Kinases and the Physiologic Roles in which They Function, also Highlighting if the Overall Levels of these Kinases Are Altered by Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI)

Kinase name	Site of regulation	Physiological role	Activated by TBI
Extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK1/2)	Phosphorylation of threonine-x-tyrosine motif	Important role in growth factor signaling, cell survival, and apoptosis	Yes45
Cycline-dependent kinase 5 (CDK5)	Binding to CDK Receptor 1 or CDK Receptor 2	Plays a role in neural development, pain signaling, and sensory processing	Yes52
Glycogen synthase kinase 3-β (GSK3-β)	Requires priming kinase to phosphorylate a substrate prior to phosphorylation at tyrosine-216. Phosphorylation at serine-9, however, hides the active site	Implicated in neuronal development, glucose homeostasis, and body pattern organization	Yes57
Protein kinase C (PKC)	3 categories based on binding at C-terminal: conventional requires diacylglycerol and calcium for activation, novel requires diacylglycerol, and atypical does not require calcium or diacylglycerol. Once active, the receptors for activated C-kinase bind PKC and help translocate it to the plasma membrane	PKC activity is involved with learning and memory, regulation of transcription, controlling cell growth, and mediating immune responses	Yes68
c-Jun kinase (JNK)	Diphosphorylation of the threonine-proline-tyrosine motif	JNKs participate in multiple stress cascades, the inflammation response, and reactive oxygen species formation	Yes70
Akt	Akt binds to phosphatidylinositol (3,4,5)-triphosphate on the cell membrane and then is phosphorylated at threonine 308 by phosphoinosotide kinase 1	Akt plays a role in apoptosis, cellular metabolism, and cell migration	Yes75