Table 4.

Stigma's Impact on Access, Quality, and Well-Being

Dependent Variables	Sample Mean	Change with Stigma	p-Value	95% CI	R2 (n)
Access
Any doctor visits in the last year	71.3%	−2.4%	0.605	−11.5% to 6.7%	0.3316
					(556)
Clinic-based, usual source of care	51.1%	4.1%	0.457	−6.7% to 15%	0.2099
					(557)
Quality
Quality of care good, very good, or excellent	78.2%	−17.3%	0.001	−27.7% to −6.8%	0.1018
					(460)
All medical needs met in the last year	62%	−17.7%	0.002	−28.9% to −6.6%	0.1277
					(557)
All mental health needs met in the last year	76.4%	−12.3%	0.012	−21.9% to −2.8%	0.1830
					(554)
Well-being
Health good, very good, or excellent	60.2%	−11.9%	0.030	−22.6% to −1.3%	.2038
					(557)
Health the same or improved in the last year	82.6%	−11.8%	0.008	−20.6% to −3.1%	0.088
					(557)
Physical health (PCS-8) score	45.2	−2.62	0.028	−4.97 to −.281	0.2280
					(556)
Mental health (MCS-8) score	44	−2.70	0.038	−5.26 to −.144	0.2644
					(556)

Except for stigma, data source is self-reported survey data collected from September 2009 to December 2010. The stigma code was derived from qualitative interviews conducted from May to September 2011. We treated dichotomous outcomes as continuous and fit linear regression models.

Models were adjusted for age, race/ethnicity, gender, prestudy diagnosis of depression or chronic health condition, education, federal poverty level, employment status, any insurance, and a clinic-based usual source of care (except the usual source of care model). Sample means are unadjusted.

“Fair or poor” is the referent category in the quality of care and general health measures. The look-back period was in the previous 12 months. Having physical or mental health needs met includes those who did not report having any needs in the previous 12 months and those who did have needs and reported that all needs were met. Quality of care was contingent on using care.

PCS-8 and MCS-8 are from the short-form Medical Outcomes Survey. Questions in this scale use a 2-week look-back period.