TABLE 1.

Clinical and laboratory data on the 49 patients transplanted between 2003 and 2011, with biopsy within two years post-transplant, showing features of acute pyelonephritis

Patient characteristics	Group I—positive urine culture within 10 days before or after biopsy	Group II—positive urine culture beyond 10 days before or after biopsy	Group III—urine culture negative
No. patients (n)	16	14	19
Sex, males; females	6; 10	5; 9	9; 10
Mean age (yr)	45±13	46±19	42±15
Patients with biopsy within 1 month posttransplant	7 (43%)	4 (28%)	12 (63%)
Patients with colony count below 100,000 CFU/mL	8 (50%)	4 (28%)	N/A
Graft loss within 1 yr postbiopsy (death censored)	5 (31%)	5 (35%)	0
Baseline serum creatinine before biopsy (mg/dL)	1.8±1.4	1.8±1.0	2.3±1.4
Serum creatinine 1 month postbiopsy (mg/dL)	2.9±1.8	3.3±1.8	2.13±1.1
Serum creatinine 1 yr postbiopsy (mg/dL)	2.1±0.8	2.1±0.4	1.9±1.1
Δserum creatinine (at 1 yr vs. baseline) mg/dl	0.3	0.3	−0.3
No. of biopsies with overlapping features of APN and AR	5	3	4
			(6 showed   predominant ATN)
Patients who received antibiotic treatment in addition   to routine prophylaxis for pyelonephritis	14	12	11

The biopsy was performed during the first 2 years posttransplant.

CFU/mL, colony forming units/milliliter; AR, acute rejection; ATN, acute tubular necrosis.