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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2014 Jul 10.
Published in final edited form as: Tob Control. 2013 Oct 8;23(0 1):i39–i47. doi: 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2012-050835

Table 4.

Instrumental variable probit estimates for prevalence of cigarette smoking (dependent variable 1 if cigarette smoker, 0 if nonsmoker)

(1)
All		 (2)
Low		 (3)
Medium		 (4)
High
Predicted price of cigarette/pack (2009 Taka) −0.0217***
(−4.83)		 −0.0384**
(−3.24)		 −0.0252**
(−3.15)		 −0.0104
(−1.29)
Monthly household income (2009 Taka) 0.0000192***
(4.14)		 0.0000252**
(2.76)		 0.0000165
(1.85)		 0.0000116
(1.60)
Female −1.680***
(−21.63)		 −1.488***
(−12.32)		 −1.783***
(−11.65)		 −1.887***
(−12.57)
Age −0.00823***
(−5.61)		 −0.00760***
(−3.41)		 −0.00811**
(−2.96)		 −0.00947**
(−3.19)
Married 0.222***
(4.16)		 0.235**
(2.72)		 0.388***
(4.00)		 0.111
(1.10)
Household size 0.0474***
(3.38)		 0.0340
(1.46)		 0.0516
(1.93)		 0.0554*
(2.19)
Education:
Primary (1–5 years) 0.187***
(3.71)		 0.269***
(3.83)		 0.158
(1.74)		 −0.220
(−1.50)
Secondary (6–8 years) 0.236***
(3.89)		 0.253**
(2.85)		 0.283*
(2.51)		 −0.123
(−0.80)
SSC (9–10 years) 0.142
(1.94)		 0.231
(1.82)		 0.280*
(2.13)		 −0.365*
(−2.28)
HSC (11–12 years) 0.372***
(3.81)		 0.422
(1.73)		 0.727***
(3.66)		 −0.209
(−1.22)
Bachelor’s (14–16 years) 0.538***
(4.43)		 1.865***
(5.78)		 0.848**
(2.98)		 −0.0831
(−0.46)
Master’s (15–17 years) 0.701***
(3.54)		 0.0194
(0.03)		 .
.		 0.108
(0.43)
Above Master’s 0.128
(0.26)		 .
.		 .
.		 −0.784
(−1.63)
Occupation:
Tenant farmer 0.154
(1.73)		 0.0352
(0.25)		 0.217
(1.38)		 0.458*
(2.43)
Self-employed in non-farm agriculture −0.240*
(−2.30)		 −0.198
(−1.38)		 −0.634**
(−3.13)		 0.321
(1.02)
Self-employed in non-agricultural activity 0.194*
(1.96)		 0.361*
(2.18)		 0.0802
(0.49)		 0.253
(1.28)
Farm wage laborer 0.0859
(1.04)		 0.0117
(0.10)		 0.0674
(0.44)		 0.668**
(3.24)
Non-farm agricultural wage laborer −0.166
(−0.78)		 −0.210
(−0.48)		 −0.453
(−1.01)		 0.461
(1.39)
Non-agricultural wage laborer 0.342**
(3.15)		 0.371*
(2.12)		 0.197
(1.03)		 0.801**
(3.28)
Professional −0.625***
(−4.88)		 −0.907***
(−3.44)		 −0.973**
(−3.27)		 −0.140
(−0.67)
Managerial/administrative/clerking −0.116
(−1.16)		 −0.322
(−1.96)		 −0.209
(−1.14)		 0.283
(1.46)
Student −1.036***
(−10.01)		 −1.403***
(−7.21)		 −1.394***
(−6.55)		 −0.538**
(−2.77)
Unemployed 0.0671
(0.84)		 0.0120
(0.10)		 −0.0517
(−0.37)		 0.445**
(2.59)
Homemaker −0.743***
(−6.19)		 −0.656***
(−3.54)		 −0.843***
(−4.06)		 −0.813**
(−3.25)
Others 0.215**
(2.77)		 0.314**
(2.64)		 0.165
(1.20)		 0.314
(1.96)
Indoor smoking restriction (1 yes, 0 no) −0.0912*
(−2.41)		 −0.0227
(−0.40)		 −0.119
(−1.70)		 −0.258**
(−3.16)
Workplace smoking restriction (1 yes, 0 no) 0.0277
(0.39)		 0.300*
(2.13)		 −0.0345
(−0.25)		 −0.136
(−1.29)
Urban area of residence 0.341***
(6.28)		 0.277**
(2.90)		 0.264**
(2.82)		 0.356**
(3.21)
Wave 2 −0.178***
(−5.11)		 −0.266***
(−4.42)		 −0.190**
(−2.83)		 0.0717
(0.95)
Observations 8507 3484 2540 2477
Wald test of exogeneity: χ2 45.88 19.52 11.87 32.67
p-value 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Notes:

1. Columns 1, 2,3 and 4 report results for all, low, medium and high socio-economic status groups respectively.

2. The coefficients are marginal effects. For dummy variable, the marginal effect refer to effect of discrete change in the dummy variable from 0 to 1. The z statistics of the coefficients are in parentheses.

*

p < 0.05,

**

p < 0.01,

***

p < 0.001.

3. Omitted categories include male, illiterate, owner farmers (occupation), the time effect of wave 1, and rural area of residence.

4. The reduced form estimate of the price equation is reported in Appendix in Table A2.