Table 1.
ATF family members and their functions in immune responses.
| Molecule | Distribution (tissue/cell) | Functions | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|
| ATF1 | (i) Ubiquitous, high in thyroid (ii) Nucleus |
Regulation of malignant melanoma | [14] |
|
| |||
| ATF2 | (i) Ubiquitous (ii) Nucleus and cytoplasm |
See Sections 2, 3, and 4 | |
|
| |||
| ATF3 | (i) Ubiquitous | (i) Inhibition of MCP-1, HMGB1, and CCL4 | [14, 15] |
| (ii) High in placenta, pancreas, and lung | (ii) Regulation of cerebral ischemia, glial inflammation, kidney, and lung injury | [16–21] | |
| (iii) Nucleus | (iii) Pancreatic β-cells signaling, SFA/TLR4 signaling | [22, 23] | |
|
| |||
| ATF4 | (i) Ubiquitous (ii) Nucleus |
Regulation of retinal inflammation and cytokine production in diabetes; involvement of complex formation to PKA promoter; regulation of IL-8 expression; involvement in Nrf2-ARE signaling | [24–27] |
|
| |||
| ATF5 | (i) Ubiquitous (ii) High in liver, lung, adipose tissue, heart, and skeletal muscle (iii) Nucleus and cytoplasm |
(i) Regulation of GR signaling pathway (ii) Involvement in various cancers |
[28] [29] |
|
| |||
| ATF6 | (i) Liver, serum, plasma, platelets, and cancer cells | (i) Involvement in AKT-NF-κB activation signaling | [30] |
| (ii) Nucleus | (ii) Induction of UPR in CF | [31] | |
|
| |||
| ATF7 | (i) Liver, plasma, platelets, and cancer tissues | (i) Involvement in vitamin D response in Paget's disease | [32] |
| (ii) Nucleus and cytoplasm | (ii) Repressor of E-selectin/NF-ELAM1/delta-A promoter | [33] | |
|
| |||
| CRE-BPα
(CREB5) |
(i) Liver, plasma, and platelet (ii) HEK293 |
Involvement in adipocyte differentiation | [34] |
MCP-1: monocyte chemotactic protein-1, HMGB1: high mobility group box-1 protein, CCL4: macrophage inflammatory protein-1 beta, SFA: saturated fact acid, TLR4: toll-like receptor 4, CF: Cystic fibrosis, UPR: unfolded protein response, GR: glucocorticoid receptor.