. 2014 Jun 22;2014:762397. doi: 10.1155/2014/762397

Table 5.

Antibacterial and antifungal capacities of carthamin isolated from C. tinctorius flowers during flowering.

Flowering stages	Bacterial strains										Yeast strains
	Ba ci ll us cereus ATCC 14759		methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus		E. coli ATCC 25218		Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923		Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853		Ca nd id a albicans
	IZ	MIC	IZ	MIC	IZ	MIC	IZ	MIC	IZ	MIC	IZ	MIC
Bu	15.02 ± 0.11^d	151 ± 0.92^d	8.23 ± 0.47^d	199 ± 0.27^d	22.44 ± 0.22^c	143 ± 0.36^d	nd	nd	14.02 ± 0.23^b	163 ± 0.58^d	9.20 ± 0.05^c	229 ± 0.71^d
F	19.01 ± 0.09^c	145 ± 0.84^d	12.03 ± 0.55^c	155 ± 0.12^d	24.88 ± 0.10^b	140 ± 0.77^d	6 ± 0.22^b	210 ± 0.64^d	13.22 ± 0.56^c	166 ± 0.88^d	10.22 ± 0.36^b	227 ± 0.86^d
FF	20.05 ± 0.04^b	142 ± 0.88^d	16.52 ± 0.08^b	149 ± 0.22^d	25.50 ± 0.04^a	140 ± 0.53^d	7.04 ± 0.55^a	215 ± 0.13^d	14.98 ± 0.47^b	162 ± 0.84^d	10.89 ± 0.55^b	225 ± 0.19^d
Se	22.03 ± 0.55^a	144 ± 0.70^d	18.56 ± 0.58^a	147 ± 0.55^d	25.89 ± 0.00^a	138 ± 0.99^d	7.69 ± 0.03^a	215 ± 0.55^d	15.23 ± 0.89^a	160 ± 0.55^d	12.03 ± 0.66^a	222 ± 0.33^d

Synthetic standards

Gentamicin	22		25		28		35		23		—
Nystatin	—		—		—		—		—		25

Bu: bud formation, F: flower formation, FF: full flowering, and Se: seed formation. nd: not detected. Data are reported as means ± SD (n = 3) and compared to control (C). ANOVA is followed by Duncan multiple range test (P < 0.05). Values in the same column with different superscripts (a–d) are significantly different at P < 0.05.