Table 1.

Description of RIAS scales used in analyses.

Major category	Sub-category	Examples of specific RIAS codes
Biomedical	Question-asking	Open-ended and closed-ended biomedical questions
	Information-giving	Gives lifestyle and psychosocial information
Lifestyle/Psychosocial	Question-asking	Open-ended and closed-ended psychosocial questions
	Information-giving	Gives biomedical and therapeutic information
Rapport building	Emotional talk	Empathy, legitimation, and partnership
	Positive talk	Laughter, approval, and compliments
	Negative talk	Criticisms, disagreements, and concern
	Social chit-chat	Chit-chat
Patient activation	–	Asking for other’s opinion, confirming the other’s understanding, clarifying one’s own understanding
Verbal dominance	–	Ratio of physician statements to patient statements