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. 2014 Jul 10;5:339. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2014.00339

Figure 3.

Figure 3

Decreased GAS cell surface attachment and biofilm formation in the presence of SpyCEP. (A) Microscopy analysis of GAS attached to the surface of human pharyngeal cells. GAS strains and Detroit-562 cells were stained with CFSE (green) and DAPI (blue) respectively and attachment was assessed using a fluorescence confocal laser scanning microscope. The scale bar in the confocal images represents 20 μm. (B) Integrated densities of attached bacteria obtained from confocal images were evaluated using ImageJ. The integrated density is measured in arbitrary units (AU). Data were pooled from three independent experiments done in triplicate, mean ± SD; *p < 0.01, compared to GAS WT. (C) Biofilm formation was assessed for GAS WT, GAS ΔcepA, GAS ΔcepA compl and GAS ΔcepA compl*. The absence of SpyCEP or the presence of an inactive SpyCEP form resulted in increased biofilm formation. The graph represents pooled data from three independent experiments; the error bars represent the standard deviation. Statistical analysis was carried out using a two-tailed t-test (ns = p > 0.05, *p ≤ 0.05, **p ≤ 0.01). The p-values are relative to GAS WT.