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Possible mechanisms of Ang II-induced autophagy. Ang II binds to Ang II type I receptors (AT1-R), which activates NADPH oxidase to induce superoxide (O2 −) generation. Mitochondrial KATP channels can be activated by O2 − to produce more generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) to induce autophagy. Angiotensin II receptor blocker (ARB), NAD(P)H oxidase inhibitor (Apocynin), mitochondrial KATP channel inhibitor (5-HD)
