Table 5. Epidemiologic Studies Evaluating Intakes of Lycopene and Tomato Products and Risk of Advanced Prostate Cancer.
| Author | Sample Size | OR/RR (95% CI)* | P-trend | Confounders Adjusted for | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| |||||
| Case Control Studies | |||||
|
| |||||
|
Kolonel et al., 2000 USA & Canada Multi-ethnic |
1,619 cases (514 advanced) 1,618 controls |
Tomatoes | 0.96 (0.48-1.93) | 0.76 | Age, education, ethnicity, geographic area, and energy intake |
|
| |||||
|
Amin et al., 2008 Canada |
Aggressive cases 188 268 controls |
Tomatoes | 1.27 (0.72-2.23) | 0.39 | Age, ethnicity, education, family history of prostate cancer, smoking, and alcohol consumption, sexually transmitted infections, cystitis, and prostatitis. |
|
| |||||
|
Agalliu et al., 2011 Canada |
Subcohort 1979 Advanced cases 173 |
Lycopene | 0.71 (0.42-1.20) | 0.98 | Age at baseline, race, BMI, exercise activity, and education |
|
| |||||
| Cohort Studies | |||||
|
| |||||
|
Giovannucci et al., 2002 USA |
47,365 subjects 2,481 incident cases 12 years of follow-up |
Tomato sauce | 0.65 (0.42-0.99) | 0.02 | Age, time period, ancestry, BMI at age 21, and intakes of energy, calcium, phosphorus, fructose, vitamin D, vitamin E, fat, and linolenic acid |
|
| |||||
|
Kirsh et al., 2006 USA |
29,361 men 1,338 incident cases (520 advanced) 4.2 years follow-up |
Lycopene | 1.11 (0.83-1.47) | 0.80 | Age, race, BMI, study center, family history of prostate cancer, smoking status, physical activity, intake of energy, supplemental vitamin E, fat, red meat, history of diabetes, aspirin use, and previous number of screening exams within the follow-up period |
| Spaghetti/Tomato sauce | 0.81 (0.5-1.16) | 0.31 | |||
| Pizza | 0.79 (0.56-1.10) | 0.12 | |||
| Lasagna | 0.96 (0.70-1.33) | 0.92 | |||
|
| |||||
|
Takachi et al., 2010 Japan |
46,033 subjects 93 advanced cases 321,061 person-years of follow-up |
Tomato & tomato products | 0.90 (0.49-1.67) | 0.89 | Age, public health center area, BMI, smoking status, marital status, alcohol consumption, intake of dairy food and soy products, green tea consumption, vitamin supplement use, screening examinations |
|
| |||||
|
Key et al., 2007 Europe |
966 incident cases 1,064 controls |
Lycopene | 0.40 (0.19-0.88) | 0.05 | Smoking status, alcohol intake, BMI, marital status, physical activity, and education |
*
Highest vs. Lowest Categories.