Table 1. Self-report Measures of Musical Training among Musicians with and without Improvisation Training.
| With ImprovisationTraining (n = 36) | WithoutImprovisationTraining (n = 40) | Cohen’s d | p | |||
| Variables | M | SD | M | SD | ||
| Age at start of musical training | 8.97 | 3.13 | 8.05 | 3.12 | .29 | .809 |
| Years of formal training | 9.58 | 4.26 | 12.30 | 3.77 | .68 | .029 |
| Age at start of improvisation training | 14.92 | 4.34 | 15.80 | 5.43 | .18 | .542 |
| Years of improvisation training | 10.38 | 5.47 | 3.25 | 5.29 | 1.34 | <.000 |
| Weekly hours invested in improvisation | 8.41 | 8.34 | 0.87 | 1.19 | 1.32 | <.000 |
| Weekly hours invested in performancewithout improvisation | 6.40 | 5.78 | 17.29 | 14.92 | −0.96 | <.000 |
| Weekly hours invested in composition | 3.96 | 4.31 | .074 | 2.05 | 1.19 | <.000 |
| Relative time invested in improvisation | 0.41 | 0.24 | 0.07 | 0.13 | 1.81 | <.000 |
| Relative time invested in performancewithout improvisation | 0.35 | 0.22 | 0.88 | 0.20 | −2.56 | <.000 |
| Relative time invested in composition | 0.25 | 0.22 | 0.05 | 0.15 | 1.09 | <.000 |