Figure 3. Developmental time from the first-instar to the prepupal stage of Thrips palmi reared on the watermelon leaves.

(A) The virus-free larvae were reared on the healthy leaves (n = 32, white column), on the thrips-damaged leaves (n = 20, grey column), and on the thrips-inoculated leaves (n = 16, black column). (B) The viruliferous (infected with Watermelon silver mottle virus) larvae were reared on the healthy leaves (n = 28, white column), on the thrips-damaged leaves (n = 15, grey column), and on the thrips-inoculated leaves (n = 28, black column). Different letters indicate statistical differences between means at P<0.05, analyzed using the negative binomial distribution test. Vertical bars indicate standard error.