Table 3.
Combined treatments and negative symptom outcomes.
| Citation | N/Diagnosis | Treatment/length of treatment | Control | Negative Sx outcome | Raters blind | Results | Follow-up | Effect size |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Barrowclough (2001) | 30/SZ + SUD, SA + SUD | IIP/9 months | TAU | PANSS | Y | ↓ NSx IIP only | Not maintained at 3 months | NR |
| Bradley (2006) | 59/SZ, SA, SP | MFG + PE/12 months | TAU | SANS | Y | No change in NSx | – | NR |
| Buchkremer (1997) | 132/SZ | PE + leisure/PE + leisure + family PE/PE + CT/PE + CT + family PE 8 months 10–20 sessions | Leisure group | SANS | N | No change in NSx | No change at 12 or 24 months | NR |
| Daniels (1998) | 40/SZ, SA | Group IBT/8 weeks | Waitlist | SANS | Y | No change in NSx | – | NR |
| Dyck (2000) | 63/PD | MFG/12 months | TAU | SANS | Y | ↓ NSx MFG only | – | NR |
| Girón (2010) | 50/SZ, SP | Individual FT + individual counseling + TAU 2 years | Individual counseling + TAU | WHO-DAS | Y | ↓ NSx FT group only | – | NR |
| Granholm (2005) | 76/SZ, SA | Group SST + CBT/24 sessions | TAU | PANSS | Y | No change in NSx | – | η2 = 0.01 |
| Hansen (2012) | 62/SZspec | CAT + ACT/6 months | ACT | PANSS | Y | No change in NSx | No change at 3 months | NR |
| Hogarty (1991) | 103/SZ, SA | Family PE/SST/SST + family PE/24 months | TAU | Wing: social withdrawal | Y | ↓ NSx family PE and family PE + SST only | – | NR |
| Hogarty (1997) | 151/SZ, SA | PT + FT + PE/ | PT 36 months | Wing | N | ↓ NSx PT + FT + PE only at 18 and 24 months | – | 18/24 months d = 0.35/0.39 |
| Magliano (2006) | 71/SZ | FT + PE/6 months | Waitlist | BPRS: negative | NR | No change in NSx | – | NR |
| McFarlane (1996) | 68/SZ, SA, SP | MFG + PE + ACT/24 months | Crisis family intervention + ACT | PANSS | Y | ↓ NSx NS group diff; | – | NR |
| Palma-Sevillano (2011) | 34/SZ | CMT/12 months | TAU | PANSS | Y | ↓ NSx CMT only | – | η2 = 0.53 |
| Petersen (2005), Thorup (2005) | 547/SZspec | IT/24 months | TAU | SANS | N | ↓ NSx IT only at 12 and 24 months | – | 12/24 months d = 0.31/0.34 |
| Pinto (1999) | 41/SZ | CBT + SST/6 months | SC | SANS | NR | ↓ NSx NS group diff | – | NR |
| Rosenbaum (2005, 2006) | 562/SZspec | Supportive/MFG + ACT + SST/12–36 months | TAU | PANSS | NR | ↓ NSx NS group diff | ↓ NSx both groups at 12 and 24 months | NR NR |
| Valencia (2007) | 82/SZ | FT + SST/12 months | TAU | PANSS | Y | ↓ NSx FT + STT only | – | d = 2.0 |
| Yildiz (2004) | 30/SZ | SST + Family PE/8 months | TAU | PANSS | Y | ↓ NSx SST + Family PE only | – | NR |
Note. Studies in this table are identified by first author surname and year rather than a full citation, as in the references and throughout the text. Raters blind = were the raters blind to subject status; ACT = assertive community treatment; BPRS = Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale; CAT = cognitive adaptation training; CBT = cognitive behavioral therapy; CMT = cognitive motivational therapy; CT = cognitive therapy; diff = difference; FT = family therapy; IBT = Interactive-Behavioral Training; IIP = Integrated Intervention Program; IT = integrated treatment; MFG = multi-family group therapy; N = No; NR = not reported; NS = non-significant; NSx = negative symptoms; PANSS = Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale; PD = psychotic disorder; PE = psychoeducation; PT = personal therapy; SA = schizoaffective disorder; SANS = Scale for Assessment of Negative Symptoms; SC = supportive counseling; SUD = substance use disorder; SP = schizophreniform; SST = social skills training; SZ = schizophrenia; SZspec = schizophrenia spectrum; TAU = treatment as usual; Wing = Wing Negative Symptom Scale; WHO-DAS = World Health Organization Psychiatric Disability Assessment Schedule; Y = yes; ↓ = significant decrease in scores.