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. 2012 Mar;25(3):435–446. doi: 10.5713/ajas.2011.11286

Table 1.

Approximate quantities (μg/g or ml) of volatile flavor components produced from various food types including Doenjang, Chungukjang, Sesame oil and Hanwoo beef (n = 3)

Compounds LRI1 Doenjang Chungukjang Sesame Beef I method2 F.value
Aldehydes
 Acetaldehyde ≤800 - - - 0.077±0.00 Ms+AC+RIL
 2-methylpropanal ≤800 - - - 0.025±0.00 Ms+AC+RIL
 3-methylbutanal ≤800 0.193±0.08 0.114±0.03 0.095±0.08 0.199±0.08 Ms+AC+RIL
 2-methylbutanal ≤800 0.109±0.03 0.063±0.01 0.313±0.07 0.108±0.04 Ms+AC+RIL
 Pentanal ≤800 0.014±0.0 0.051±0.01 - 0.167±0.04 Ms+AC+RIL
 (E),2-methyl-2-butenal ≤800 0.036±0.00 - - - MS
 Hexanal 802 0.143±0.03 0.203±0.06 0.254±0.00 0.903±0.11 Ms+AC+RIL
 Fufural 856 0.527±0.07 0.078±0.05 1.545±0.52 0.023±0.00 Ms+AC+RIL
 Heptanal 905 0.073±0.06 0.033±0.00 - 0.631±0.11 Ms+AC+RIL
 Methional 931 0.141±0.03 0.047±0.01 - 0.08±0.01 MS+AC
 (E),2-heptenal 1,070 0.025±0.01 0.027±0.00 - 0.09±0.04 Ms+AC
 5-methyl-2-fufural 1,104 0.092±0.05 - - - MS
 Benzaldehyde 1,147 1.09±0.30 2.389±0.13 0.698±0.12 1.367±0.3 MS+AC
 Octanal 1,027 - - - 0.666±0.05 Ms+AC
 Benzeneacetaldehyde 1,118 0.43±0.07 0.382±0.13 - 0.183±0.05 Ms+AC
 (E),2-octenal 1,189 - 0.065±0.03 - 0.124±0.02 MS+AC
 Nonanal 1,112 0.268±0.12 0.179±0.05 - 0.862±0.15 Ms+AC+RIL
 (E),2-nonenal 1,571 - - - 0.09±0.02 MS+AC
 Decanal 1,214 0.02±0.00 0.04±0.01 - 0.026±0.00 MS+AC
 (E)-2-decenal 1,244 0.017±0.00 0.054±0.00 - 0.103±0.03 MS+AC
 Bezeneacetaldehyde alpha 1,674 0.176±0.04 0.08±0.04 0.354±0.05 0.023±0.00 MS
 (E,E), 2,4-decadienal 1,341 0.063±0.00 0.064±0.01 - 0.03±0.01 MS+AC+RIL
 2-undecenal 1,356 - - - 0.055±0.02 MS+AC
 5-methyl-2-phenyl-2-hexenal 1,482 0.037±0.02 - - - MS
 Tetradecanal 1,723 0.069±0.03 0.068±0.03 - 0.053±0.00 MS+AC+RIL
 Total aldehydes 3.50b 3.93b 3.25b 5.83a 8,341***
Alcohols
 Ethanol ≤800 0.275±0.18 0.067±0.00 - - Ms+AC+RIL
 1-propanol ≤800 0.022±0.00 - - - Ms+AC+RIL
 3-methyl-1-butanol ≤800 0.028±0.00 0.112±0.01 - - MS+RIL
 2-methyl-1-butanol ≤800 0.018±0.00 0.04±0.00 - - MS+RIL
 2-furanmethanol 935 0.215±0.03 - 4.435±0.75 0.042±0.01 MS+AC
 1-hexanol 1,328 - - 0.057±0.02 MS+AC
 2-methylphenol 926 - - 7.676±1.63 - MS
 Phenol 1,447 0.272±0.09 0.221±0.02 0.499±0.19 - MS
 1-octen-3-ol 1,085 0.2±0.05 0.16±0.02 - 0.223±0.03 MS+AC
 1-octanol 1,322 0.063±0.03 0.065±0.01 - - MS+AC
 2-methoxyphenol 1,977 0.117±0.00 0.322±0.07 5.954±2.42 - MS
 2-nonanol 1,106 0.052±0.00 0.047±0.01 - - MS+AC
 Maltol 1,124 0.066±0.04 0.206±0.12 - - MS
 Benzeneethanol 1,132 0.257±0.04 0.376±0.2 - - MS
 4-ethylphenol 1,137 0.049±0.02 - - - MS
 4-vinylphenol 1,234 0.29±0.01 - - - MS
 Indol 1,311 0.046±0.03 0.055±0.01 0.169±0.01 - MS
 2,6-dimethoxyphenol 1,438 0.019±0.00 - - - MS
 4-vinyl-2-methoxyphenol 1,311 0.174±0.09 0.161±0.01 0.41±0.06 - MS
 2-methoxy-4-vinylphenol 1,332 0.20±0.07 - 0.967±0.04 - MS
 3,4-methylenedioxyphenol 1,339 - - 1.319±0.39 - MS
 Total alcohols 2.16b 1.78b 20.11a 0.322c 5.32*
Acids and esters
 Acetic acid ≤800 0.56±0.12 0.127±0.01 3.108±0.8 - MS+AC
 Acetic acid, ethyl ester ≤800 0.305±0.00 0.034±0.00 - - MS+RIL
 Propanic acid-2-methyl, ethyl ester ≤800 0.084±0.00 0.176±0.1 - - MS+RIL
 3-methylbutanoic acid 902 0.202±0.14 0.531±0.33 - - MS+RIL
 2-methylbutanoic acid 970 0.132±0.1 0.27±0.150 - - MS
 Hexanoic acid ethyl, ester 1,001 0.073±0.00 - - - MS
 Benzoic acid, methyl ester 1,556 0.159±0.12 0.216±0.01 - - MS
 Benzeneacetic acid ethyl, ester 1,244 0.056±0.02 - - - MS
 Total acids and esters 1.57b 1.35b 3.10a 0.00 9,832***
Pyrazines
 Pyrazine ≤800 - - 1.053±0.27 0.075±0.01 MS+AC
 Methylpyrazine 841 0.042±0.01 0.268±0.25 19.252±3.9 0.05±0.00 MS+AC+RIL
 2,5-dimethylpyrazine 922 1.163±0.06 2.648±0.58 18.602±4.09 0.108±0.03 MS+AC+RIL
 2,3-dimethylpyrazine 931 0.089±0.00 0.809±0.54 - - MS
 2-vinylpyrazine 960 - - 0.684±0.19 - MS
 2-ethyl-6-methylpyrazine 1,004 - 0.067±0.04 2.993±0.67 - MS
 2-ethyl-5-methylpyrazine 1,008 - - 9.05±1.85 - MS
 Trimethylpyrazine 1,009 0.288±0.02 2.286±0.83 - - MS
 Acetylpyrazine 1,043 0.044±0.00 - 4.032±1.02 - MS
 2-ethyl-2,5-dimethylpyrazine 1,526 - - 4.96±1.1 0.052±0.00 MS
 Tetramethylpyrazine 1,134 0.0466±0.4 1.406±0.115 - - MS
 1-(6-methyl-2-pyrazinyl)-1-ethanone 1,129 - - 1.967±0.54 - MS
 3,5-diethyl-2-methylpyrazine 1,158 - - 0.465±0.13 - MS
 2,3,5-trimethyl-6-ethylpyrazine 1,116 0.075±0.03 0.083±0.05 - - MS
 2-methyl-5-propenylpyrazine 1,208 - - 1.217±0.33 - MS
 Total pyrazines 1.74c 7.56b 64.27a 0.28d 2.2E8***
Ketones
 Acetone ≤800 - 0.017±0.00 - - MS+AC
 2-propanone ≤800 - - 0.355±0.05 0.038±0.00 MS+AC
 2,3-butanedione ≤800 - - - 0.09±0.00 MS+AC
 2-butanone ≤800 - - - 0.076±0.01 MS+AC
 3-hydroxy-2-butanone ≤800 - 0.054±0.16 - 0.022±0.01 MS
 2-heptanone 889 0.049±0.00 0.066±0.02 - 0.017±0.01 MS+AC
 3-octanone 1,766 0.232±0.03 0.266±0.151 - - MS+AC
 Hydroxydimethylfuranone 1,198 - - 0.378±0.3 - MS
 Acetophenone 1,341 - - 1.786±0.62 - MS
 Total ketones 0.28b 0.40b 2.51a 0.24b 12.99**
Hydrocarbons
 Toluene ≤800 - 0.069±0.02 - 0.095±0.02 MS+AC+RIL
 Styrene 875 0.137±0.06 0.096±0.00 0.334±0.11 0.034±0.00 MS
 3-ethyl-2-methyl-1,3-hexadiene 1,069 0.022±0.00 - - 0.05±0.00 MS
 Undecane 1,106 0.044±0.01 - - 0.034±0.00 MS+RIL
 Dodecane 1,205 0.045±0.00 0.036±0.00 - 0.021±0.00 MS+RIL
 Tridecane 1,306 0.03±0.01 0.053±0.01 0.181±0.07 0.016±0.00 MS+RIL
 Tetradecane 1,406 0.039±0.01 0.048±0.01 - 0.012±0.00 MS+RIL
 Pentadecane 1,507 0.022±0.01 0.025±0.00 - 0.021±0.00 MS+RIL
 Total hydrocarbons 0.33 0.32 0.51 0.28 4.42
Furans
 1-(2-furanyl)ethanone 915 - - 1.163±0.22 - MS
 2-butylfuran 906 - - - 0.007±0.00 MS
 5-methylfuran 942 - - 2.196±0.31 - MS
 2-pentylfuran 976 0.221±0.00 0.311±0.04 0.774±0.1 0.480±0.24 MS+AC+RIL
 2-hexylfuran 1,112 - - - 0.020±0.00 MS
 2-heptylfuran 1,140 0.059±0.01 0.018±0.00 - 0.019±0.00 MS
 2,3-dihydrobenzofuran 1,236 - 0.024±0.00 - - MS
 2-octylfuran 1,267 0.018±0.0 0.029±0.00 - 0.079±0.00 MS+RIL
 Total furans 0.29c 0.38c 4.13a 0.60b 3.46*
Thiazoles
 2-methylthiazole 810 - - 0.145±0.06 - MS+AC
 4-methylthiazole 825 - - 0.965±0.29 - MS
 5-methylthiazole 911 - - 0.248±0.05 - MS
 2,4-dimethylthiazole 846 - - 0.869±0.36 - MS
 2-acetylthiazole 1,037 0.029±0.00 0.021±0.00 - 0.025±0.00 MS+RIL
 4,5-dimethylthiazole 1,111 - - 1.776±0.09 - MS
 Total thiazoles 0.029b 0.021b 4.00a 0.025b 8.6**
Pyrroles and pyridines
 1H-pyrrole ≤800 - - 0.992±0.37 - MS
 1-methyl-5-hydroxymethyl-1,3-midazole 1,029 - - 0.744±0.18 - MS
 1H-pyrrole-2-carboxaldehyde 1,023 - - 2.619±0.09 - MS
 2-formylpyrrole 1,023 0.048±0.0 0.038±0.00 - - MS
 3,5-dimethylisoxazole 1,086 - - 2.284±0.07 - MS
 1-(2-pyridinyl)ethanone 1,244 - - 1.721±0.58 - MS
 2-propylpyridine 1,207 - - 0.394±0.02 - MS
 Total pyrroles and pyridines 0.048b 0.038c 8.36a 0.00 4.06*
Sulfur-containing compounds
 Methanethiol ≤800 - - 0.123±0.02 - MS
 Carbondisulfide ≤800 - - 0.189±0.05 - MS
 Dimethyldisulfide ≤800 0.076±0.00 0.049±0.03 0.45±0.09 0.056±0.02 MS+AC+RIL
 Dimethyltrisulfide 1,296 0.185±0.00 0.272±0.06 - 0.195±0.03 MS
 Fufurylmethyldisulfide 1,239 - - 0.717±0.32 - MS
 Total sulfur compounds 0.26b 0.32b 1.47a 0.25b 1.07
 Total amount/gram of sample 9.94c 15.75b 107.61a 7.20c 1.9E8***
1

Linear retention index calculated by applying a series of n-Alkanes (C8–C20) using fused silica column (BD-5MS).

2

Identification method: MS: the compound identified based on mass spectrum that agrees with the standard spectra in the Wiley Registry of Mass Spectral Database 7th edition; AC, the compound identified using authentic compounds; RIL, the compounds identified in agreement with linear retention index values from previous literatures using DB-5 column published on the website: http://www.pherobase.com/database/kovats/kovats-index.php.

(-) not fund; ±standard deviation;

*, ** and ***

significant differences at the 0.05, 0.01 and 0.001 probability levels, respectively.

abc

Mean in the same row with different superscripts differed significantly (p<0.05).