Table 4.
VFA and lactate production (mg/L) from pig in vitro fermentation using soluble starch and FAs at different stages
| Incubation time (h) | Treatment | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| |||||
| Control | FA1 | FA2 | FA3 | FA4 | |
| 12 h of incubation | |||||
| Acetate | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND |
| Propionate | 861.1a±23.8 | 100.3d±11.4 | 523.5b±9.5 | 877.9a±77.1 | 453.1c±87.9 |
| Butyrate | 833.3d±40.2 | 651.2e ±44.1 | 4,932.6a±223.1 | 3,577.2b±282.51 | 1,215.1c±78.6 |
| Formate | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND |
| Total VFA | 1,694.4c±59.71 | 1,581.1d±35.0 | 5,456.1a±215.9 | 4,455.1b ±121.9 | 1,668.2c±114.3 |
| Lactate | 980.3a±53.3 | 600.8b±4.8 | 670.1b±13.7 | 999.2a±185.2 | 462.4c±89.0 |
| 24 h of incubation | |||||
| Acetate | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND |
| Propionate | 1,030.6ab±101.1 | 1,278.1a±102.1 | 933.1b±82.2 | 1,243.2a±92.6 | 945.1b±63.9 |
| Butyrate | 1,132.5c±95.7 | 1,598.7b±123.2 | 2,899.7a±156.8 | 3,102.1a±264.4 | 1,404.8b±34.5 |
| Formate | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND |
| Total VFA | 2,163.1d±71.9 | 2,876.8c±85.0 | 3,832.8b±175.6 | 4,345.3a±184.2 | 2,349.9d±139.6 |
| Lactate | 1,712.2a±98.9 | 989.7bc±67.7 | 605.6d±36.7 | 1,021.3b±79.2 | 719.9c±46.7 |
Values are the mean±SE.
a,b,c,d,e
Means within row with different superscripts differ (p<0.05).
FA = Feed additives as treatments; ND = Not detected; Control = Salt media+feces+1% soluble starch and FA1–FA4 = Inoculation with 0.1 g or 0.1 ml of different FAs in facal slurry and soluble starch; FA1 = Ginseng meal powder; FA2 = Persimmon leaf powder; FA3 = Gingko nut powder; FA4 = Oregano lippia (OL).