Table 2.
VFA production of in vitro fermentation amended with either GPB or GABA using cornmeal as substrate (ppm)
| Time (h) | Treatments
|
Mean | Linear
|
|||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| T1 | T2 | T3 | T4 | T5 | T6 | T7 | Std error | p-value | ||
| Acetate | ||||||||||
| 0 | 2,162.67±84.55a | 2,086.39±35.47a | 2,085.31±66.61a | 2,127.55±15.53a | 2,093.05±45.49a | 2,022.13±55.41ab | 1,915.83±28.24b | 2,070.42x | 77.09 | 0.3820 |
| 12 | 2,547.47±64.57 | 2,417.87±59.60 | 2,527.40±62.98 | 2,395.11±38.26 | 2,522.68±13.33 | 2,483.44±26.87 | 2,430.74±54.33 | 2,474.95w | ||
| 24 | 2,271.11±217.05 | 2,620.63±76.20 | 2,415.00±112.09 | 2,315.00±112.09 | 2,342.58±153.23 | 2,447.48±59.09 | 2,483.16±127.37 | 2,413.56w | ||
| 48 | 2,260.19±408.86 | 2,618.01±135.97 | 2,576.06±98.99 | 2,419.31±112.77 | 2,435.38±99.04 | 2,416.50±96.59 | 2,651.12±165.52 | 2,482.36w | ||
| Propionate | ||||||||||
| 0 | 632.15±1.90a | 576.16±3.54bcd | 563.53±1.49d | 577.77±4.60bc | 566.47±5.56cd | 585.47±2.70b | 573.07±4.18bcd | 582.08y | 93.49 | 0.0240 |
| 12 | 1,017.30±14.59abc | 894.25±26.01c | 970.63±46.62bc | 991.83±48.27abc | 1,117.42±30.80ab | 1,145.70±14.37a | 1,068.92±80.56ab | 1,029.43x | ||
| 24 | 1,195.14±156.39 | 1,291.26±71.62 | 1,292.37±4.15 | 1,204.23±232.15 | 1,403.70±32.64 | 1,312.78±29.57 | 1,354.44±35.04 | 1,293.41x | ||
| 48 | 1,644.86±144.69 | 1,543.34±235.48 | 1,709.20±184.68 | 1,971.53±65.46 | 1,766.66±200.86 | 1,759.23±145.66 | 1,548.80±186.35 | 1,706.23w | ||
| Butyrate | ||||||||||
| 0 | 427.27±3.76a | 385.58±11.64ab | 393.97±2.93ab | 380.12±32.41ab | 328.82±4.28b | 335.27±3.47b | 375.70±38.50ab | 375.28 | 92.44 | 0.0560 |
| 12 | 906.65±23.09a | 751.65±66.19abc | 920.84±42.45a | 879.10±23.55a | 623.10±100.28c | 833.66±24.75ab | 685.04±41.08bc | 800.00 | ||
| 24 | 1,187.85±112.54 | 1,004.67±108.87 | 1,290.89±151.00 | 1,115.82±99.25 | 1,415.50±259.96 | 1,195.19±138.30 | 1,067.96±101.32 | 1,182.55 | ||
| 48 | 2,219.06±126.12 | 2,609.40±207.83 | 1,945.01±580.62 | 1,903.84±71.65 | 1,529.18±407.26 | 1,551.95±407.26 | 2,387.60±489.44 | 2,020.86 | ||
| A:P ratio | ||||||||||
| 0 | 3.42±0.14ab | 3.62±0.07ab | 3.70±0.11a | 3.68±0.01a | 3.69±0.09a | 3.45±0.09ab | 3.34±0.05b | 3.55 | 0.53 | 0.0001 |
| 12 | 2.50±0.02abc | 2.70±0.02a | 2.61±0.07ab | 2.42±0.08bc | 2.26±0.06cd | 2.17±0.02d | 2.29±0.13cd | 2.42 | ||
| 24 | 1.91±0.07 | 2.03±0.05 | 1.87±0.03 | 2.06±0.03 | 1.67±0.08 | 1.86±0.01 | 1.83±0.05 | 1.89 | ||
| 48 | 1.55±0.02 | 1.81±0.38 | 1.56±0.25 | 1.22±0.01 | 1.43±0.24 | 1.40±0.17 | 1.79±0.34 | 1.53 | ||
| Total VFA | ||||||||||
| 0 | 3,222.09±86.41a | 3,048.12±43.47abc | 3,042.81±64.99abc | 3,085.44±49.46ab | 2,988.33±47.43bc | 2942.88±59.63bc | 2,864.54±58.06c | 3,027.74 | 98.65 | 0.4730 |
| 12 | 4,463.10±84.39 | 4,264.60±94.82 | 4,474.50±67.75 | 4,361.40±104.87 | 4,427.70±113.55 | 4540.90±85.65 | 4,365.90±26.81 | 4,414.01 | ||
| 24 | 4,704.42±82.84c | 4,925.57±18.16b | 5,026.56±19.85b | 4,640.94±49.17c | 5,213.20±18.47a | 4932.49±64.29b | 4,971.23±59.09b | 4,916.34 | ||
| 48 | 6,483.07±18.67b | 6,765.46±35.09a | 6,210.86±11.16c | 6,285.26±60.95c | 5,809.94±94.81d | 5768.41±45.52d | 6,618.17±16.98a | 6,277.31 | ||
Means followed by the same superscript letter in a row (a, b, c, d) and column (w, x, y, z) are not significantly different at the 5% level by DMRT.
T1: Control, T2: 2,000 ppm GPB, T3: 5,000 ppm GPB, T4: 2,000 ppm autoclaved GPB, T5: 5,000 ppm autoclaved GPB, T6: 2,000 ppm GABA chemical, T7: 5,000 ppm GABA chemical.