. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2014 Jul 11.

Published in final edited form as: J Cancer Surviv. 2010 Sep 2;5(2):115–122. doi: 10.1007/s11764-010-0147-5

Table 3.

Odds ratios of poor QOL^* according to smoking status among women with breast, colorectal, or endometrial cancer, Iowa Women’s Health Study

SF-36 scales	Non-smokers (n=1,720)		Former smokers (n=141)			Persistent smokers (n=59)			P-value³
SF-36 scales	%¹	Ref	%¹	OR²	95% CI	%¹	OR²	95% CI	P-value³
Vitality	27.3	1.0	31.9	1.32	0.89–1.96	33.9	1.72	0.94–3.15	0.03
PA adjusted		1.0		1.14	0.76–1.71		1.21	0.64–2.28	0.42
Physical Functioning	29.6	1.0	35.5	1.65	1.10–2.45	39.0	2.40	1.32–4.37	0.0003
PA adjusted		1.0		1.38	0.91–2.09		1.45	0.76–2.75	0.08
Role Physical	47.4	1.0	49.7	1.29	0.89–1.86	45.8	1.21	0.68–2.15	0.20
PA adjusted		1.0		1.12	0.77–1.65		0.82	0.45–1.50	0.89
Mental Health	24.8	1.0	34.0	1.62	1.11–2.37	40.7	1.92	1.09–3.40	0.002
PA adjusted		1.0		1.47	1.00–2.16		1.36	0.74–2.47	0.06
Role Emotional	24.2	1.0	27.7	1.34	0.89–2.01	35.6	2.01	1.10–3.66	0.01
PA adjusted		1.0		1.19	0.78–1.80		1.35	0.72–2.55	0.24
Social Functioning	26.1	1.0	29.1	1.27	0.85–1.89	33.9	1.62	0.89–2.95	0.06
PA adjusted		1.0		1.11	0.73–1.67		1.05	0.55–1.99	0.69
Bodily Pain	30.4	1.0	33.3	1.21	0.82–1.79	37.3	1.60	0.89–2.87	0.07
PA adjusted		1.0		1.06	0.71–1.58		1.16	0.63–2.14	0.59
General Health	29.7	1.0	39.0	1.51	1.03–2.21	33.9	1.13	0.62–2.09	0.12
PA adjusted		1.0		1.32	0.89–1.95		0.76	0.40–1.45	0.88

PA=physical activity; OR=odds ratio; CI= confidence interval

Poor QOL defined as women with QOL scores ½ SD below the mean for women in the non-smoking group.

proportion of women who had poor QOL

All odds ratios, 95% confidence intervals, and p-values for trend adjusted for age, stage of cancer, number of comorbid conditions and BMI (2004); estimates also adjusted for physical activity (2004) as indicated.

p-values for trend comparing former and persistent smokers to non-smokers