Table 2.

Aims of research and appropriate biomarkers

Aim:	Suitable marker
Monitoring general kidney function (GFR)	CysC
Differentiate between glomerular and tubular damage	KIM-1, clusterin, αGST
Monitor toxicity with suspected glomerular localization	B2M
Monitor toxicity with suspected non-glomerular localization	CysC, NGAL,
Detect early kidney injury with suspected proximal tubular localization	αGST, KIM-1
Monitor reversibility/regeneration with suspected proximal tubular localization	KIM-1
Monitor toxicity with suspected distal tubular localization	Clusterin
Monitor reversibility/regeneration with suspected distal tubular localization	Clusterin
Elucidate pathophysiological mechanism with known proximal tubular injury site	NAG
High risk of acute tubular necrosis (Phase II/III trials)	IL18