TABLE 1.
Characteristics according to sugar-sweetened beverage consumption in 2596 adults1
| Non-consumers |
Consumers |
||||
| 0 to <1/mo | ≥1/mo to <1/wk | ≥1/wk to <1/d | ≥1/d | P-trend | |
| Median consumption, servings/wk | 0 | 1 | 4 | 10 | |
| Participants, n | 851 | 910 | 482 | 353 | |
| Age,2 y | 51.8 (51.1, 52.5) | 49.5 (48.9, 50.1) | 49.1 (48.2, 50.0) | 47.4 (46.4, 48.4) | <0.001 |
| Women,3 % | 66.7 (63.5, 69.9) | 50.1 (47.0, 53.1) | 34.1 (29.8, 38.3) | 29.0 (24.0, 34.0) | <0.001 |
| Overweight and obese,4 % | 67.0 (63.8, 70.1) | 64.0 (61.0, 67.0) | 67.4 (63.2, 71.5) | 64.6 (59.8, 69.5) | 0.77 |
| Current smoker,4 % | 11.0 (8.7, 13.2) | 10.8 (8.6, 12.9) | 11.5 (8.6, 14.5) | 21.5 (18.1, 25.0) | <0.001 |
| Alcohol intake,5 g/d | 11.9 (10.9, 12.9) | 11.1 (10.2, 12.1) | 10.0 (8.7, 11.3) | 10.8 (9.2, 12.3) | <0.001 |
| Multivitamin user,4 % | 52.5 (49.1, 55.9) | 46.8 (43.6, 50.0) | 47.0 (42.6, 51.5) | 42.1 (36.9, 47.3) | 0.006 |
| Physical activity score4 | 36.9 (36.4, 37.4) | 37.5 (37.1, 38.0) | 37.2 (36.6, 37.9) | 38.8 (38.1, 39.6) | <0.001 |
| Education level,4,6 % | 48.6 (45.2, 52.0) | 51.1 (47.9, 54.3) | 49.3 (44.9, 53.7) | 37.7 (32.5, 42.9) | <0.001 |
| Antihypertensive drugs,4 % | 17.8 (15.3, 20.2) | 16.4 (14.1, 18.6) | 13.7 (10.5, 16.8) | 13.4 (9.7, 17.1) | 0.03 |
| Hypertension,4 % | 27.4 (24.5, 30.2) | 25.5 (22.8, 28.2) | 23.9 (20.2, 27.6) | 23.8 (19.4, 28.2) | 0.20 |
| Lipid-lowering drugs,4 % | 9.3 (7.5, 11.1) | 7.5 (5.8, 9.2) | 5.4 (3.0, 7.7) | 5.4 (2.7, 8.2) | 0.02 |
| Dyslipidemia,4 % | 40.4 (37.0, 43.7) | 41.5 (38.3, 44.7) | 48.9 (44.5, 53.3) | 49.3 (44.1, 54.4) | 0.001 |
| Fasting plasma glucose,4 mmol/L | 5.3 (5.3, 5.3) | 5.3 (5.3, 5.3) | 5.3 (5.2, 5.3) | 5.3 (5.3, 5.4) | 0.23 |
| Impaired fasting glucose,4 % | 29.0 (26.1, 31.9) | 24.1 (21.4, 26.8) | 23.4 (19.6, 27.2) | 28.1 (23.6, 32.5) | 0.84 |
| Energy intake,4 kcal/d | 1810 (1770, 1850) | 1920 (1880, 1950) | 2090 (2040, 2150) | 2440 (2380, 2510) | <0.001 |
| Fat,4 %EI | 32.2 (31.8, 32.7) | 31.6 (31.2, 32.1) | 31.7 (31.1, 32.3) | 30.6 (29.9, 31.3) | <0.001 |
| Carbohydrate,4 %EI | 45.4 (44.8, 46.0) | 47.7 (47.1, 48.2) | 49.3 (48.6, 50.1) | 52.6 (51.7, 53.5) | <0.001 |
| Total sugar,4 %EI | 19.2 (18.8, 19.7) | 21.1 (20.7, 21.5) | 23.8 (23.2, 24.4) | 29.3 (28.6, 30.0) | <0.001 |
| Dietary fiber,5,7 g/d | 18.7 (18.3, 19.1) | 18.0 (17.7, 18.4) | 16.6 (16.1, 17.1) | 13.6 (13.2, 14.1) | <0.001 |
| Whole grains,5,7 g/d | 20.0 (18.9, 21.1) | 20.3 (19.2, 21.4) | 17.4 (16.1, 18.7) | 12.9 (11.8, 14.1) | <0.001 |
| Fruits,5,7 g/d | 213 (200, 227) | 234 (221, 248) | 215 (198, 233) | 142 (129, 157) | <0.001 |
| Vegetables,5,7 g/d | 212 (204, 220) | 199 (192, 206) | 182 (173, 192) | 150 (141, 160) | <0.001 |
| Red meat,5,7 g/d | 41.8 (39.1, 44.7) | 44.7 (42.1, 47.6) | 49.5 (45.4, 53.9) | 49.7 (44.7, 55.1) | 0.007 |
| Nuts,5 g/d | 6.9 (6.2, 7.6) | 4.7 (4.0, 5.3) | 3.7 (2.8, 4.6) | 1.9 (0.8, 3.0) | <0.001 |
| Glycemic index5 | 52.1 (51.8, 52.3) | 53.4 (53.2, 53.6) | 54.7 (54.3, 55.0) | 55.9 (55.5, 56.3) | <0.001 |
| Glycemic load5 | 119 (117, 120) | 126 (124, 128) | 133 (131, 136) | 148 (145, 151) | <0.001 |
| Diet soda,5 servings/wk | 11.9 (10.3, 13.4) | 6.7 (5.2, 8.1) | 4.7 (2.6, 6.7) | 4.0 (1.5, 6.5) | <0.001 |
| DGAI5 | 9.0 (8.9, 9.2) | 8.9 (8.7, 9.1) | 8.5 (8.3, 8.7) | 7.9 (7.6, 8.2) | <0.001 |
1
Data are presented as means or geometric means and 95% CIs. The DGAI was modified by leaving out the added sugar component. DGAI, 2005 Dietary Guideline Adherence Index; %EI, percentage of energy intake.
2
Adjusted for sex.
3
Adjusted for age.
4
Values were adjusted for sex and age.
5
Values were adjusted for sex, age, and energy intake.
6
College or above.
7
Values are geometric means.