TABLE 2.
Characteristics according to diet soda consumption in 2596 adults1
| Non-consumers |
Consumers |
||||
| 0 to <1/mo | ≥1/mo to <1/wk | ≥1/wk to <1/d | ≥1/d | P-trend | |
| Median consumption, servings/wk | 0 | 1 | 4 | 11 | |
| Participants, n | 1520 | 599 | 262 | 215 | |
| Age,2 y | 49.8 (49.3, 50.3) | 49.4 (48.6, 50.1) | 50.4 (49.2, 51.6) | 51.6 (50.3, 52.9) | 0.006 |
| Women,3 % | 47.9 (45.4, 50.4) | 52.2 (48.3, 56.2) | 53.0 (47.0, 59.0) | 51.4 (44.7, 58.0) | 0.27 |
| Overweight and obese,4 % | 60.9 (58.7, 63.2) | 70.7 (67.1, 74.4) | 70.5 (65.0, 76.0) | 79.4 (73.3, 85.5) | <0.001 |
| Current smoker,4 % | 13.4 (11.8, 15.1) | 10.0 (7.4, 12.7) | 10.9 (6.9, 14.9) | 14.1 (9.7, 18.5) | 0.85 |
| Alcohol intake,5 g/d | 11.5 (10.7, 12.2) | 10.9 (9.8, 12.1) | 10.6 (8.9, 12.4) | 10.1 (8.1, 12.0) | 0.13 |
| Multivitamin user,4 % | 47.8 (45.3, 50.3) | 49.8 (45.8, 53.7) | 49.2 (43.3, 55.2) | 43.6 (37.0, 50.2) | 0.27 |
| Physical activity score4 | 37.6 (37.2, 38.0) | 37.2 (36.6, 37.8) | 37.2 (36.3, 38.0) | 37.3 (36.3, 38.2) | 0.48 |
| Education level,4,6 % | 48.8 (46.3, 51.3) | 47.9 (44.0, 51.9) | 47.2 (41.3, 53.2) | 44.7 (38.1, 51.3) | 0.24 |
| Antihypertensive drugs,4 % | 14.2 (12.4, 15.9) | 15.3 (12.5, 18.1) | 19.4 (15.2, 23.6) | 25.6 (21.0, 30.3) | <0.001 |
| Hypertension,4 % | 24.3 (22.2, 26.4) | 25.4 (22.1, 28.7) | 27.4 (22.4, 32.4) | 32.7 (27.2, 38.3) | 0.005 |
| Lipid-lowering drugs,4 % | 6.8 (5.5, 8.1) | 7.4 (5.3, 9.5) | 9.5 (6.3, 12.6) | 9.3 (5.8, 12.8) | 0.11 |
| Dyslipidemia,4 % | 42.0 (39.6, 44.5) | 45.0 (41.1, 48.9) | 43.6 (37.7, 49.5) | 50.6 (44.1, 57.1) | 0.02 |
| Fasting plasma glucose,4 mmol/L | 5.3 (5.3, 5.3) | 5.3 (5.3, 5.3) | 5.3 (5.2, 5.3) | 5.4 (5.3, 5.5) | 0.01 |
| Impaired fasting glucose,4 % | 26.0 (23.9, 28.1) | 24.9 (21.5, 28.3) | 25.0 (19.9, 30.1) | 31.5 (25.9, 37.2) | 0.11 |
| Energy intake,4 kcal/d | 1980 (1950, 2020) | 1970 (1920, 2020) | 1990 (1920, 2070) | 2010 (1920, 2090) | 0.57 |
| Fat,4 %EI | 31.5 (31.2, 31.8) | 31.6 (31.1, 32.1) | 32.3 (31.5, 33.0) | 33.0 (32.1, 33.8) | <0.001 |
| Carbohydrate,4 %EI | 48.2 (47.8, 48.7) | 47.9 (47.2, 48.6) | 47.0 (46.0, 48.1) | 46.5 (45.3, 47.6) | 0.002 |
| Total sugar,4 %EI | 22.5 (22.2, 22.9) | 21.8 (21.2, 22.4) | 21.5 (20.6, 22.4) | 20.7 (19.7, 21.7) | <0.001 |
| Dietary fiber,5,7 g/d | 17.1 (16.9, 17.4) | 17.5 (17.0, 17.9) | 17.7 (17.1, 18.4) | 17.4 (16.7, 18.2) | 0.37 |
| Whole grains,5,7 g/d | 18.3 (17.6, 19.1) | 19.5 (18.2, 20.8) | 18.4 (16.6, 20.3) | 16.7 (14.9, 18.6) | 0.10 |
| Fruits,5,7 g/d | 207 (198, 217) | 218 (203, 235) | 211 (189, 236) | 193 (171, 218) | 0.30 |
| Vegetables,5,7 g/d | 190 (185, 196) | 192 (183, 201) | 203 (190, 218) | 197 (182, 212) | 0.25 |
| Red meat,5,7 g/d | 43.4 (41.3, 45.5) | 45.8 (42.4, 49.4) | 49.7 (44.3, 55.7) | 52.6 (46.3, 59.7) | 0.002 |
| Nuts,5 g/d | 5.0 (4.5, 5.5) | 4.3 (3.5, 5.1) | 4.8 (3.6, 6.0) | 5.5 (4.2, 6.9) | 0.44 |
| Glycemic index5 | 53.6 (53.5, 53.8) | 53.6 (53.3, 53.9) | 53.2 (52.8, 53.7) | 53.0 (52.5, 53.5) | 0.01 |
| Glycemic load5 | 129 (128, 131) | 127 (125, 130) | 125 (122, 128) | 123 (119, 126) | <0.001 |
| Diet soda,5 servings/wk | 13.6 (12.7, 14.6) | 9.9 (8.4, 11.4) | 9.9 (7.6, 12.3) | 7.6 (5.0, 10.1) | <0.001 |
| DGAI5 | 8.8 (8.6, 8.9) | 8.7 (8.5, 8.9) | 8.8 (8.5, 9.1) | 8.5 (8.1, 8.8) | 0.14 |
1
Data are presented as means or geometric means and 95% CIs. The DGAI was modified by leaving out the added sugar component. DGAI: 2005 Dietary Guideline Adherence Index; %EI, percentage of energy intake.
2
Adjusted for sex.
3
Adjusted for age.
4
Values were adjusted for sex and age.
5
Values were adjusted for sex, age, and energy intake.
6
College or above.
7
Values are geometric means.