Fig. 1.

Standing evaluation. a and b Shoulder and iliac crest heights are examined with the patient with dynamic loading of the hip joint in the standing position. c As the patient bends forward at the trunk, spinal alignment is palpated. d The degree of trunk flexion is noted in full flexion. e Laxity of the thumb. f Recurvatum of the elbow. g The single leg stance phase test is performed bilaterally and observed from behind and in front of the patient. The patient flexes the hip and knee at 45° and hold this position for 6 seconds