Table 1. Baseline Demographic, Clinical, and Biochemical Characteristics of the Study Population.
| Total population (n = 414) | Derivation cohort (n = 308) | Validation cohort (n = 106) | P value | |
| Age (yr) | 51 [45, 59] | 51 [45, 58] | 54 [44, 60] | 0.128† |
| Gender (%) | 0.021‡ | |||
| Male | 357 (86.2) | 273 (88.6) | 84 (79.3) | |
| Female | 57 (13.8) | 35 (11.4) | 22 (20.8) | |
| Alcohol intake (g/day) | 113 [56.6, 150] | 100[60, 141.3] | 113 [56.5, 150] | 0.363† |
| Liver-related mortality | ||||
| 30-day mortality (%) | 61 (14.7) | 0.222‡ | ||
| 90-day mortality (%) | 77 (18.6) | 0.092‡ | ||
| Variables at admission | ||||
| WBC, ×103/µL | 8.3 [6.0,1.2] | 7.9 [6.0, 11.1] | 9.2 [6.0,11.3] | 0.288† |
| ANC, ×103/µL | 6.1 [3.9, 9.5] | 6.0 [4.0, 9.4] | 6.7 [3.9, 9.7] | 0.866† |
| Platelet, ×103/µL | 94.5 [64, 150] | 91.5 [63, 149.5] | 102.5 [70, 150.1] | 0.647† |
| Hemoglobin, g/dL | 10.8 [8.8, 12.5] | 11.0 [8.8, 12.7] | 10.3 [8.7,11.9] | 0.244* |
| PT INR | 1.5 [1.3, 1.9] | 1.4 [1.3, 1.8] | 1.7 [1.4, 2.1] | <0.001† |
| Albumin, g/dL | 2.7 [2.4, 3.1] | 2.7 [2.5, 3.1] | 2.6 [2.2, 2.9] | <0.001† |
| AST, IU/L | 126.5 [79, 200] | 134 [84.5, 210.5] | 104 [68, 184] | 0.002† |
| ALT, IU/L | 44 [27, 70] | 45.5 [28, 74] | 39 [21, 61] | 0.007† |
| Total bilirubin, mg/dL | 5.5 [3.1, 11.4] | 5.2 [2.9, 9.8] | 6.0 [3.3, 17.7] | 0.049† |
| ALP, IU/L | 142 [107, 201] | 145 [109, 206] | 131.5 [98, 179] | 0.023† |
| Cholesterol, mg/dL | 118 [87, 156] | 120 [94, 159] | 104 [79, 149] | 0.016† |
| BUN, mg/dL | 13 [8], [26] | 13 [8], [24] | 16 [9], [28] | 0.231† |
| Creatinine, mg/dL | 1.0 [0.8, 1.3] | 0.9 [0.7, 1.3] | 1.0 [0.9, 1.7] | 0.008† |
| Na, mmol/L | 134.3 [129, 137.9] | 134.3 [129.0, 137.6] | 135.0 [130, 138] | 0.942† |
| K, mmol/L | 3.9 [3.4, 4.5] | 3.8 [3.3, 4.4] | 4.1 [3.5, 4.6] | 0.004† |
| SCBL, mg/dL | −1 [−2.4, 0.3] | −1.1 [−2.3, 0.1] | −0.8 [−2.7, 0.4] | 0.892† |
| Prognostic Scores | ||||
| MELD | 17.9 [13.1, 23.1] | 17.0 [12.8, 21.5] | 20.7 [15.4, 26.2] | <0.001† |
| GAHS | 7 [6], [8] | 7 [6], [8] | 8 [7], [9] | <0.001† |
| ABIC | 7.5 [6.6, 8.6] | 7.3 [6.5, 8.3] | 7.9 [7], [9] | <0.001† |
| MDF | 33.6 [19.9, 57.8] | 29.0 [18.0, 51.4] | 49.1 [32.4, 72.0] | <0.001† |
| CTP | 10 [9], [12] | 10 [8], [11] | 11 [9], [12] | 0.002† |
| Initial symptoms at admission (%) | ||||
| Ascites | 269 (65.0) | 194 (63.0) | 75 (70.8) | 0.111‡ |
| Hepatic encephalopathy | 89 (21.5) | 64 (20.8) | 25 (23.6) | 0.443‡ |
| Causes of liver-related death (%) | 0.792§ | |||
| Infection | 30 (37.0) | 26 (38.9) | 4 (28.6) | |
| Bleeding | 24 (29.5) | 19 (28.3) | 5 (35.7) | |
| Hepatic failure | 16 (19.9) | 14 (20.8) | 2 (14.3) | |
| Hepatorenal syndrome | 11 (13.6) | 8 (12.0) | 3 (21.4) |
Values are expressed as the median and interquartile range (IQR).
WBC, white blood cell; ANC, absolute neutrophil count; PT INR, international normalized ratio of prothrombin time; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; ALT, alanine aminotransferase; ALP, alkaline phosphatase; BUN, blood urea nitrogen; Na, sodium; K, potassium; SCBL, spontaneous change in total bilirubin levels; MELD, model for end-stage liver disease; GAHS, Glasgow alcoholic hepatitis score; ABIC, age, serum bilirubin, INR, and serum creatinine; MDF, Maddrey’s discriminant function; CTP, Child-Turcotte-Pugh.
*Independent T-Test.
†
Wilcoxon Rank Sum Test.
‡
Chi-Square Test.
§
Fisher’s Exact Test.