Table 5.

Overview of studies on Huntington disease and risk factors in sub-Sahara African countries

Author, year of publication	Country	Setting	Design/year of the study	Population characteristics	Diagnostic tool/criteria	Prevalence
Hayden [141], 1977	South Africa	Community	Cross-sectional	26 cases (men 11); age 12–68 y.	Clinical	3.5/100,000
Samuels [147], 1978	Zimbabwe	Community	Case series	1 family of HD	Clinical	NA
				4 cases (men 2) age 14–26 y.
Glass [148], 1979	South Africa	Community	Case series	2 cases of HD (men 1) age 42-52	Clinical	NA
Hayden [142], 1980	South Africa	Community/hospital	Cross-sectional,	481 cases (m en 241) of whom 153 (m en 69) alive by the time of the study	Clinical	Overall: 0.65/100,000, Whites: 2.22/100,000, Mixed ancestry: 2.17/100,000, Blacks: 0 · 01/100,000
Scrimgeour [149], 1981	Tanzania	Community	Case series	11 cases, aged 25–80 y.	Clinical	NA
Hayden [143], 1981	Mauritius	Hospital	Cross-sectional	2166 persons, 6 cases of HD (men 3)	Not provided	46/100,000
Hayden [144], 1981	South Africa	Hospital	Cross-sectional/NR	17 children (onset before 20 y.) identified during a national survey among of 219 patients	Not provided	Overall: 0.6/100,000
						Whites: 0.37/100,000
						Mixed ancestry: 0.89/100,000
						Blacks: No case
Hayden [150], 1982	South Africa	Community/hospital	Cross-sectional	157 (men 71) individuals investigated and 328 (women 156, only 3 negro-Africans) deceased individuals with probably HD	Not specified	Combined white and black heterozygote frequency = 6 · 7 x 100,000
Scrimgeour [151], 1982	Tanzania	Hospital	Case series (National registry)	7 patients with chorea (1 aged 80 y.) and 50 potential patients with chorea in 23 families	Not specified	NA
				Mean age at onset: 36 y.
Aiyesimoju [145], 1984	Nigeria	Hospital	Cross sectional 1957-1982	2.1 million patients admitted to the hospital.	Not specified	HD: 0.2/100,000
				4 cases (men 3) of HD aged 24–50 y at diagnosis.
Stephany [146], 1984	Senegal	Hospital	Cross sectional	12370 patients seen in a neurologic clinic; 3 (men 2) with HD; age 31–64 y.	Family history	24.2/100,000
					All patients had movement disorders and neuropsychiatric features
			1960-1980
Joubert [136], 1988	South Africa	Community/hospital	Cross-sectional 1983-1986	8 cases in hospital setting (n = 6. all men) and at home (n = 2);	Clinical/genetic testing/screening for Wilson disease	NA
				Age at onset: 8–47 y.
				Age at diagnosis: 13–50 y.
Scrimgeour [152], 1992	Zimbabwe	Hospital	Case series1991	11 cases in a 4 generation of a single family; 2 probable cases	Clinical	0.5/100,000
Scrimgeour [153], 1995	Sudan	Hospital	Case-report	1 case of HD: A	Clinical/MRI	NA
				40 year old black Sudanese man
Grunitzky [154], 1995	Togo	Hospital	Case series	A family including 8 patients with HD and 67 at risk across 6 generations; mean age at onset: 33 y.	Not specified	NA
Silber [137], 1998	South Africa	Community	Case series	5 families of HD including a total of 7 genetically confirmed cases of HD and 10 clinically suspect cases of HD	Clinical/genetic testing	NA
Kabore [138], 2000	Burkina-Faso	Hospital	Case series	4 cases of HD; age at diagnosis 33–43 y.	Clinical/genetic testing	0.04/100,000
Bardien [139], 2007	South Africa	Hospital	Case series 2001-2005	A family with HD like 2	Clinical/genetic testing	1
				Total 39 family members
				13 had the disease
Magazi [140], 2008	South Africa	Hospital	Case series	12 cases (men 6); age 25–52 y.	Clinical/genetic testing	NA

HD; Huntington disease; MRI: magnetic resonance imaging; NA: not applicable; NINCDS-ADRDA, National Institute of Neurological and Communicative Disorders and Stroke and the Alzheimer’s Disease and Related Disorders Association; y: year.