Table 3. Cox Proportional Model of Factors Associated with All-cause, CVD, and Expanded CVD Mortality.
| Variables | All-cause mortality | CVD mortality | Expanded CVD mortality | |||
| HRa (95% CI) | HRb (95% CI) | HRa (95% CI) | HRb (95% CI) | HRa (95% CI) | HRb (95% CI) | |
| BMI (18.5–24.9) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| 15.0–18.4 (underweight) | 1.92 (1.71–2.15) | 1.95 (1.74–2.19) | 1.74 (1.36–2.23) | 1.79 (1.39–2.29) | 1.77 (1.42–2.21) | 1.89 (1.52–2.36) |
| 25–29.9 (overweight) | 0.82 (0.76–0.88) | 0.79 (0.74–0.85) | 0.85 (0.73–0.99) | 0.83 (0.71–0.97) | 0.90 (0.79–1.03) | 0.85 (0.74–0.97) |
| 30–34.9 (grade 1obesity) | 0.82 (0.69–0.98) | 0.78 (0.65–0.93) | 0.75 (0.51–1.09) | 0.71 (0.49–1.05) | 0.77 (0.55–1.07) | 0.69 (0.49–0.96) |
| ≥35 (grade 2–3 obesity) | 1.59 (1.06–2.38) | 1.48 (0.99–2.21) | 2.36 (1.17–4.76) | 2.24 (1.11–4.52) | 2.22 (1.18–4.15) | 1.94 (1.03–3.63) |
| Age (years) (65–69) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| 70–74 | 1.58 (1.39–1.78) | 1.55 (1.37–1.76) | 1.71 (1.30–2.25) | 1.69 (1.28–2.22) | 1.82 (1.43–2.31) | 1.78 (1.40–2.26) |
| 75–79 | 2.65 (2.37–2.97) | 2.58 (2.30–2.89) | 3.34 (2.62–4.31) | 3.27 (2.55–4.20) | 3.34 (2.69–4.16) | 3.23 (2.59–4.03) |
| 80–84 | 4.33 (3.86–4.86) | 4.19 (3.73–4.70) | 5.22 (4.05–6.72) | 5.07 (3.93–6.53) | 5.23 (4.19–6.54) | 5.06 (4.05–6.33) |
| ≥85 | 7.60 (6.74–8.58) | 7.33 (6.49–8.28) | 10.26 (7.90–13.33) | 9.93 (7.64–12.92) | 9.18 (7.26–11.59) | 8.88 (7.02–11.24) |
| Sex (Female) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Male | 2.08 (1.92–2.24) | 1.97 (1.82–2.13) | 1.71 (1.46–2.01) | 1.68 (1.43–1.98) | 1.68 (1.46–1.94) | 1.64 (1.42–1.89) |
| Marital status (single) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Married/cohabiting | 0.83 (0.77–0.89) | 0.83 (0.78–0.89) | 0.82 (0.70–0.94) | 0.82 (0.71–0.94) | 0.79 (0.69–0.89) | 0.79 (0.69–0.90) |
| Education (years) (None) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| 1–6 | 0.84 (0.75–0.93) | 0.85 (0.76–0.94) | 0.87 (0.70–1.09) | 0.88 (0.70–1.10) | 0.89 (0.73–1.08) | 0.90 (0.74–1.09) |
| 6–12 | 0.71 (0.64–0.79) | 0.72 (0.65–0.80) | 0.73 (0.59–0.92) | 0.74 (0.59–0.93) | 0.69 (0.57–0.84) | 0.71 (0.58–0.86) |
| ≥12 | 0.56 (0.50–0.63) | 0.57 (0.51–0.64) | 0.63 (0.49–0.80) | 0.64 (0.50–0.81) | 0.60 (0.48–0.74) | 0.61 (0.50–0.76) |
| Smoking (None) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Frequently/occasionally | 1.48 (1.34–1.63) | 1.48 (1.35–1.63) | 1.30 (1.04–1.61) | 1.30 (1.05–1.62) | 1.29 (1.06–1.57) | 1.30 (1.07–1.57) |
| Alcohol consumption (None) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Frequently/occasionally | 0.72 (0.65–0.78) | 0.73 (0.66–0.80) | 0.66 (0.54–0.81) | 0.67 (0.55–0.82) | 0.63 (0.53–0.76) | 0.64 (0.54–0.77) |
| Regular exercise (None) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| 1–2 times/week | 0.68 (0.62–0.75) | 0.69 (0.63–0.75) | 0.72 (0.59–0.87) | 0.72 (0.59–0.87) | 0.71 (0.60–0.83) | 0.71 (0.60–0.84) |
| 3–5 times/week | 0.53 (0.49–0.58) | 0.53 (0.49–0.58) | 0.59 (0.49–0.72) | 0.59 (0.49–0.72) | 0.53 (0.45–0.63) | 0.54 (0.46–0.64) |
| High FBS (None) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||
| ≥126 mg/dL | 1.44 (1.32–1.57) | 1.23 (1.02–1.48) | 1.80 (1.55–2.09) | |||
| High SBP (None) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||
| ≥140 mmHg | 1.04 (0.98–1.11) | 1.13 (0.99–1.29) | 1.11 (0.99–1.25) | |||
| High TG (None) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||
| ≥200 mg/dL | 1.02 (0.92–1.13) | 1.05 (0.85–1.30) | 1.18 (0.98–1.40) | |||
| High TC (None) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||
| ≥200 mg/dL | 0.77 (0.72–0.83) | 0.89 (0.77–1.02) | 0.84 (0.75–0.96) | |||
a
Model 1: adjusted for age, sex, marital status, education level, smoking, alcohol consumption, and exercise status.
b
Model 2: adjusted for all factors in Model 1 plus high FBS, high SBP, high TG, and high TC.
BMI: body mass index; CVD: cardiovascular disease; FBS: fasting blood sugar; SBP: systolic blood pressure; TG: triglycerides; TC: total cholesterol.