Table 2.
Clinical and psychosocial characteristics
| All patients (n=483) | Patients stratified by level of pain disability
|
P-values | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mild disabilitya (n=165) | Moderate disabilityb (n=160) | Severe disabilityc (n=158) | |||
| Duration of pain (years), mean (SD) | 12 (11) | 11 (11) | 11 (11)d | 13 (12) | 0.186 |
| Duration of pain, n (%)d | 0.003 | ||||
| 6–12 months | 37 (7.7) | 17 (10.3) | 12 (7.5) | 8 (5.1) | |
| 13–14 months | 1 (0.2) | 1 (0.6) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | |
| 15–36 months | 74 (15.3) | 35 (21.2) | 23 (14.4) | 16 (10.1) | |
| 37–48 months | 32 (6.6) | 6 (3.6) | 12 (7.5) | 14 (8.9) | |
| 49 months or more | 338 (70.0) | 106 (64.2) | 112 (70.0) | 120 (75.9) | |
| Frequency of pain in the past 7 days, n (%) | 0.000 | ||||
| Always | 363 (75.2) | 99 (60.0) | 125 (78.1) | 139 (88.0) | |
| Occasionally | 116 (24.0) | 62 (37.6) | 35 (21.9) | 19 (12.0) | |
| Never | 4 (0.8) | 4 (2.4) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | |
| Average pain intensity in the past 7 days, mean (SD) | 6.5 (1.9) | 5.5 (1.9)e | 6.7 (1.6) | 7.3 (1.6) | 0.000 |
| Pain functional impact score,f mean (SD) | 5.3 (2.2) | 2.8 (1.2) | 5.5 (0.6) | 7.7 (0.8) | 0.000 |
| Depression,g n (%) | 116 (24.0) | 5 (3.0) | 38 (23.8) | 73 (46.2)d | 0.000 |
| Anxiety,g n (%) | 193 (40.0) | 34 (20.6) | 70 (43.8) | 89 (56.3)d | 0.000 |
| Pain sleep impact score,h mean (SD) | 5.1 (2.9) | 3.3 (2.6) | 5.4 (2.7) | 6.6 (2.4) | 0.000 |
| Comorbidity index,i mean (SD) | 2.5 (1.9) | 2.6 (2.0) | 2.3 (1.7) | 2.5 (1.9) | 0.303 |
| Number of self-reported pain diagnoses per patient, mean (SD) | 2.5 (1.3) | 2.3 (1.2) | 2.4 (1.3) | 2.9 (1.5) | 0.000 |
| Self-reported pain diagnoses, n (%)j | |||||
| Chronic back pain | 309 (64.0) | 90 (54.5) | 104 (65.0) | 115 (72.8) | 0.003 |
| Chronic neck pain | 186 (38.5) | 52 (31.5) | 60 (37.5) | 74 (46.8) | 0.017 |
| Fibromyalgia | 114 (23.6) | 33 (20.0) | 33 (20.6) | 48 (30.4) | 0.050 |
| Osteoarthritis, arthrosis, and other degenerative osteopathies | 293 (60.7) | 102 (61.8) | 88 (55.0) | 103 (65.2) | 0.165 |
| Rheumatoid arthritis and other inflammatory osteopathies | 55 (11.4) | 17 (10.3) | 17 (10.6) | 21 (13.3) | 0.653 |
| Tendinitis, bursitis, capsulitis, and epicondylitis | 101 (20.9) | 28 (17.0) | 35 (21.9) | 38 (24.1) | 0.275 |
| Visceral pain | 74 (15.3) | 16 (9.7) | 22 (13.8) | 36 (22.8) | 0.004 |
| Neuropathic pain | 88 (18.2) | 38 (23.0) | 26 (16.3) | 24 (15.2) | 0.139 |
Notes:
a
Patients in the first BPI tertile (scores ranging from 0–4.3)
b
patients in the second BPI tertile (scores ranging from 4.31–6.4)
c
patients in the third BPI tertile (scores ranging from 6.41–10.0)
d
one missing value
e
two missing values
f
BPI questionnaire
g
Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale; presence of depression and anxiety disorder is probable when score ≥11
h
Chronic Pain Sleep Inventory questionnaire
i
Charlson Comorbidity Index
j
individuals could report more than one diagnosis.
Abbreviations: n, number; SD, standard deviation; BPI, Brief Pain Inventory.