Table 1.
Studies favoring a psychological/psychiatric etiology for the desire to amputate a healthy limb
| Author(s) | Year | Sample size | Clinical features | Limb | Psychological/psychiatric comorbidities/diagnosis | Sexual difficulties | Method | Results |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Money7 | 1977 | n=2 | Unilateral | Leg | No | Yes | Interview (on the phone in one case) | Paraphilia (apotemnophilia) |
| Wakefield et al44 | 1977 | n=1 | Unilateral | Finger, toe | No | Yes | Case description | Apotemnophilia |
| Beresford45 | 1980 | n=1 | Unilateral | Leg | Yes | No | Consultation | Schizoid personality disorder/BIID |
| Everaerd10 | 1983 | n=1 | Unilateral | Leg | No | Yes | Case description | Bodily identity disturbance |
| Bruno17 | 1997 | n=2 | Unilateral/bilateral | Arms, legs | Yes (1 individual) | Yes/not known | Case description | Factitious disability disorders |
| Bensler and Paauw11,* | 2003 | n=1 | Bilateral | Legs | No | Yes | Case description | Apotemnophilia |
| Berger et al13 | 2005 | n=1 | Bilateral/unilateral | Legs, arm | Yes | Yes | Case description | Apotemnophilia |
| Braam et al12 | 2006 | n=1 | Unilateral | Leg | No | No | Case description | Apotemnophilia |
| Clervoy et al16 | 2009 | n=1 | Bilateral | Legs | No | No | Case description | BIID |
| Kasten and Stirn46,# | 2009 | n=1 | Unilateral | Leg | No | Not known | Case description | Apotemnophilia |
| Sorene et al15 | 2006 | n=1 | Unilateral | Hand/leg | Not known | Yes | Case description | BIID |
| First2 | 2005 | n=52 | Mixed | Leg, arm, toe, fingers | Yes (11 individuals) | Yes (15 individuals) | Structured telephone interview | BIID |
| Baubet et al47 | 2007 | n=1 | Bilateral | Legs | Yes | No | Case description | Cluster B personality disorder, eating disorder, BIID |
| Wise and Kalyanam18,* | 2000 | n=1 | – | Penis | Yes | Yes | Case description | Major depressive disorder |
| Storm and Weiss48,* | 2003 | n=1 | Bilateral | Legs | Not known | Yes | Case description and neurological examination | Apotemnophilia |
Notes: Clinical features of the described individuals and the methodology adopted to study them are reported. The final column indicates which diagnosis has been chosen by the authors of each report. Studies recognized as unclear apotemnophilia/BIID following analysis5 are reported with an asterisk.
#
Data for this publication are derived from the study of Bou Khalil and Richa,19 as the original work is not available in Medline.
Abbreviation: BIID, body integrity identity disorder.