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Biomarkers evaluated for predicting recurrence following resection of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma.
| Carbohydrate antigen 19-9 (CA 19-9) | |
| Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) | |
| Cellular biomarkers | |
| Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) | |
| Neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) | |
| Gene biomarkers | |
| P16/CDKN2A, TP53, and SMAD4/DPC4 | |
| Metastin | |
| Phosphatase and tensin (PTEN) | |
| Molecular biomarkers | |
| CX chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4) | |
| Cathepsin B | |
| Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) | |
| MicroRNAs (miRNAs) |
