Table 1.
Some PRP bioactive molecules and their physiologic roles [127]. Reprinted with permission from John Wiley and Sons.
| General category | Specific molecules | Physiologic role |
|---|---|---|
| Adhesive proteins | Fibrinogen, fibronectin, vitronectin, thrombospondin-1, von Willebrand factor, and laminin-8 | Cell contact interactions, cellular adhesion, chemotaxis, ECM composition, and clotting |
|
| ||
| Clotting factors and associated proteins | Factor V, factor XI, protein S, antithrombin, and tissue factor pathway inhibitor | Thrombin activation and its regulation, eventual fibrin clot formation |
|
| ||
| Fibrinolytic factors and associated proteins | Plasminogen, plasminogen activator inhibitor, α-2 antiplasmin, and thrombin-activatable fibrinolysis inhibitor | Plasmin production and regulation |
|
| ||
| Proteases and antiproteases | Tissue inhibitor of metalloproteases 1-4 (TIMP 1-4), MMP-1, -2, -4, and -9, and α-1 antitrypsin | Regulation of matrix degradation, regulation of cellular behavior, and so forth |
|
| ||
| Growth factors, cytokines, and chemokines | TGF-β, PDGF, insulin like growth factors (IGF) I and II, FGF, EGF, VEGF, ECGF, KGF, GM-CSF, hepatocyte GF, TNFα, RANTES, IL-8, IL-1β, and BMP-2, -4, and -6 | Chemotaxis, cell proliferation and differentiation, promotion of ECM production, regulation of inflammation, and angiogenesis |
|
| ||
| Antimicrobial proteins | Thrombocidins and kinocidins | Bactericidal and fungicidal properties |
|
| ||
| Membrane glycoproteins | αIIbβ3, αvβ3, CD-40 ligand, P-selectin, tissue factor, PECAM-1, tissue factor, and CD63 | Platelet aggregation and adhesion, inflammation, and platelet-leukocyte interactions |
|
| ||
| Lipids | Sphingosine-1-phosphate, HETEs, thromboxane B2, prostaglandin F2 α, leukotriene B4, and lipoxin A4 | Inflammation modulation, cell migration and proliferation, and so forth |
|
| ||
| Basic proteins and others | Platelet factor 4, β-thromboglobulin, endostatins, connective tissue activating peptide III, chondroitin-4 sulfate, albumin, and immunoglobulins G and M | Regulation of endothelial cell chemotaxis and angiogenesis, vascular modeling, platelet activation, and so forth |