table 4. Cardiac risk ratings for various types of surgery (modified from [13]).

Cardiac risk	Type of surgery
High	aortic surgery major peripheral arterial surgery
Intermediate	intrathoracic and intraabdominal procedures (including via laparoscopy/thoracoscopy) carotid surgery prostate surgery orthopedic surgery head and neck surgery
Low	superficial procedures endoscopic procedures breast surgery cataract surgery