TABLE 1.
Age-standardized baseline characteristics according to quartiles of the CHFP score1
| Men (SMHS, n = 61,239) |
Women (SWHS, n = 73,216) |
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| Characteristic | Lowest quartile | Highest quartile | Lowest quartile | Highest quartile |
| CHFP score2 | 27.8 | 38.5 | 28.4 | 38.0 |
| No. of participants | 15,458 | 15,213 | 18,494 | 18,133 |
| Age (y) | 54.8 ± 9.93 | 55.9 ± 9.6 | 53.0 ± 9.5 | 52.2 ± 8.6 |
| High education (%)4 | 14.8 | 32.3 | 9.7 | 17.7 |
| High income (%)5 | 6.7 | 13.4 | 13.8 | 21.3 |
| Smoking (%) | ||||
| Never | 19.7 | 40.8 | 95.5 | 98.4 |
| Past | 9.5 | 11.8 | 4.5 | 1.6 |
| Current | 70.8 | 47.4 | ||
| Drinking alcohol (%) | 44.7 | 27.0 | 3.2 | 1.8 |
| Use of multivitamin (%) | 4.8 | 10.6 | 5.0 | 9.5 |
| Use of hormone therapy (%) | — | — | 1.3 | 2.8 |
| History of cardiovascular disease (%) | 7.9 | 8.9 | 7.9 | 8.6 |
| History of diabetes (%) | 7.4 | 4.8 | 6.3 | 3.3 |
| History of hypertension (%) | 27.0 | 32.3 | 22.9 | 25.0 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 23.6 ± 3.2 | 23.9 ± 2.9 | 24.1 ± 3.5 | 23.9 ± 3.3 |
| Waist-to-hip ratio | 0.90 ± 0.06 | 0.90 ± 0.05 | 0.81 ± 0.05 | 0.81 ± 0.05 |
| Physical activity (MET-h/wk) | 58.5 ± 35.0 | 60.6 ± 33.7 | 105.1 ± 45.5 | 107.8 ± 45.1 |
| Dietary intakes6 | ||||
| Total energy (kcal/d) | 1947 ± 552 | 1875 ± 413 | 1725 ± 455 | 1645 ± 343 |
| Grains (g/d) | 367 ± 84 | 367 ± 47 | 344 ± 92 | 347 ± 52 |
| Vegetables (g/d) | 312 ± 196 | 428 ± 166 | 302 ± 182 | 417 ± 169 |
| Fruits (g/d) | 92 ± 112 | 221 ± 121 | 257 ± 210 | 370 ± 191 |
| Dairy products (g/d) | 59 ± 99 | 161 ± 114 | 65 ± 110 | 140 ± 123 |
| Beans and bean products (dry weight) (g/d) | 21 ± 18 | 24 ± 12 | 20 ± 17 | 23 ± 12 |
| Nuts (g/d) | 3 ± 6 | 3 ± 4 | 2 ± 4 | 2 ± 3 |
| Eggs (g/d) | 33 ± 28 | 26 ± 16 | 38 ± 30 | 27 ± 17 |
| Red meat (g/d) | 91 ± 51 | 46 ± 21 | 83 ± 47 | 43 ± 21 |
| Poultry (g/d) | 22 ± 26 | 13 ± 16 | 24 ± 27 | 14 ± 12 |
| Fish (g/d) | 50 ± 52 | 60 ± 39 | 55 ± 54 | 65 ± 43 |
| Total fats (g/d) | 42 ± 16 | 33 ± 6 | 39 ± 14 | 32 ± 7 |
| Total salt (g/d) | 7 ± 2 | 6 ± 1 | 8 ± 3 | 6 ± 1 |
Continuous and categorical variables were compared by using ANOVA and chi-square tests, respectively. All P values <0.05 are for comparison between quartiles, with the exception for grain intake (P = 0.96) and nut intake (P = 0.17) in men and history of cardiovascular disease (P = 0.05) and nut intake (P = 0.23) in women. CHFP, Chinese Food Pagoda; MET-h, metabolic equivalent task-hours; SMHS, Shanghai Men's Health Study; SWHS, Shanghai Women's Health Study.
All values are medians.
Mean ± SD (all such values).
Defined as having a professional or college education or more.
Defined as an annual personal income >24,000 yuan in the SMHS and an annual family income >30,000 yuan in the SWHS.
Dietary intakes were adjusted for total energy intake (density method) and standardized to 2000 kcal.