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Characterization of titanium substrates. (a) The water contact angles of pretreatment (PT), hydrophilic PT (pmodPT), sand-blasted, large-grit acid-etched (SLA), and hydrophilic SLA (modSLA) substrates were assessed. (b) Topographical features of PT and SLA substrates were examined by scanning electron microscopy at ×200 (upper panels; scale bar = 200 μm) or ×1000 (lower panels; scale bar = 50 μm) magnification. The AFM images of (c) PT and (d) SLA.
