Figure 2.

Osteogenic activity of periodontal ligament stem cells in response to titanium surfaces. Cells were cultured on pretreatment (PT), hydrophilic PT (pmodPT), sand-blasted, large-grit acid-etched (SLA), or hydrophilic SLA (modSLA) substrates for 4 or 7 days, and ALP activity ((a), (b)), real time RT-PCR ((c)–(f)), Western blot (g), and immunofluorescence staining (h) of osteogenic markers were then assessed as described in Section 2. Reported values are the means ± standard deviations of five independent experiments. Panels (bars) denote the means ± standard deviations of five experiments for each condition, determined from densitometry relative to β-actin. *P < 0.05 versus control (tissue culture polystyrene); ^# P < 0.05 versus PT substrate. Nuclei were stained with DAPI (blue). A representative result from three independent experiments is shown.