Figure 3.

Effect of titanium surface structure on Wnt, integrins, Shh, and Notch signaling molecules. Cells were cultured on each substrate and the mRNA levels of (s) Wnt3a, (b) β-catenin, (c) Wnt5a, (d) calmodulin, (e) NFATc1, (f) integrin α2, (g) integrin β1, (h) Shh, (i) Gli1, (j) Notch, and (k) Hes-1 were analyzed using real-time RT-PCR after 4 days of culture. The values reported are the means ± standard deviations of five independent experiments. *P < 0.05 versus control (tissue culture polystyrene); ^# P < 0.05 versus pretreatment substrate; ^@ P < 0.05 versus sand-blasted, large-grit acid-etched substrate.