Table 1.
The assessed biomarkers according to groups of plasma malondialdehyde (MDA).
| MDA groups | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Very low | Low | Increased | Higher | |
| (<0.593 μmol/L) | (0.593–0.856 μmol/L) | (0.857–1.057 μmol/L) | (>1.058 μmol/L) | |
| n = 37 | n = 37 | n = 37 | n = 37 | |
| Anthropometry and body composition | ||||
| Body Mass Index (kg/m2) | 29.6 ± 5.9 | 30.2 ± 5.6 | 30.9 ± 6.4 | 30.8 ± 4.6 |
| Muscle Mass Index (kg/m2) | 8.1 ± 1.4 | 8.5 ± 1.5 | 8.5 ± 1.7 | 8.4 ± 1.4 |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 95.6 ± 13.8 | 94.0 ± 15.3 | 96.8 ± 14.6 | 102.5 ± 13.2∗ |
| Body fat (%) | 32.1 (27.2–44.7) | 32.3 (29.0–42.9) | 32.3 (30.0–45.0) | 37.0 (30.6–45.0) |
| Blood pressures and fitness | ||||
| Systolic BP (mmHg) | 129 ± 21 | 127 ± 18 | 126 ± 14 | 126 ± 17 |
| Diastolic BP (mmHg) | 79 ± 10 | 79 ± 10 | 78 ± 11 | 80 ± 10 |
| VO2max (mL/kg/min) | 30.3 ± 7.8 | 29.1 ± 6.1 | 29.0 ± 5.8 | 26.6 ± 5.2 |
| Dietary intake and quality | ||||
| Variety (items) | 11.8 ± 3.8 | 13.0 ± 4.2 | 13.9 ± 3.7 | 13.3 ± 3.8 |
| Energy intake (kcal) | 1197 (892–1801) | 1113 (974–1654) | 1190 (982–1715) | 1575 (1184–1955)∗ |
| Carbohydrates (%) | 52.5 ± 10.4 | 51.5 ± 9.0 | 54.2 ± 9.3 | 55.0 ± 11.2 |
| Sugar (servings) | 0.5 (0.0–1.8) | 0.5 (0.0–2.0) | 0.7 (0.0–2.0) | 1.0 (0.2–2.5) |
| Proteins (%) | 17.9 ± 6.5 | 16.4 ± 5.6 | 17.4 ± 5.0 | 18.7 ± 5.1 |
| Total fat (%) | 29.6 ± 9.1 | 30.7 ± 14.5 | 28.3 ± 9.1 | 30.0 ± 9.5 |
| Saturated fat (%) | 8.3 ± 3.4 | 8.6 ± 5.9 | 7.7 ± 3.0 | 7.9 ± 3.8 |
| Monounsaturated fat (%) | 9.8 ± 4.1 | 8.8 ± 4.4 | 7.9 ± 3.0 | 10.4 ± 12.9 |
| Polyunsaturated fat (%) | 7.9 ± 4.0 | 7.2 ± 2.9 | 7.0 ± 2.9 | 7.6 ± 3.3 |
| Fibers (g) | 13.7 (9.0–17.3) | 15.0 (10.0–19.2) | 13.3 (9.1–20.2) | 15.0 (9.4–20.8) |
| HEI (points) | 83.0 ± 13.6 | 79.6 ± 14.8 | 78.7 ± 16.0 | 77.5 ± 12.0 |
| Blood markers | ||||
| Glucose (mg/dL) | 98.9 ± 42.4 | 99.5 ± 29.3 | 97.1 ± 21.2 | 107.5 ± 31.6∗ |
| HOMA-IR | 1.53 (0.91–4.08) | 1.47 (1.08–4.01) | 1.98 (1.35–3.19) | 2.78 (1.33–4.50) |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 198.9 ± 33.5 | 200.2 ± 39.3 | 186.0 ± 42.3 | 199.3 ± 37.2 |
| HDL-cholesterol (mg/dL) | 48.7 ± 11.3 | 47.6 ± 13.6 | 48.4 ± 11.5 | 46.8 ± 11.5 |
| LDL-cholesterol (mg/dL) | 122.8 ± 30.9 | 124.4 ± 36.0 | 107.7 ± 37.0 | 118.8 ± 30.9 |
| Triglycerides (mg/dL) | 127.0 (108.3–160.8) | 133.5 (102.0–180.0) | 134.0 (88.0–179.0) | 152.0 (106.5–221.5)∗ |
| Uric acid (mg/dL) | 4.7 ± 1.6 | 4.9 ± 1.9 | 4.9 ± 1.8 | 5.0 ± 1.4 |
| γ-GT (U/L) | 23.0 (16.3–38.5) | 27.0 (15.8–49.3) | 21.0 (17.0–33.0) | 33.5 (22.5–46.0)∗ |
| C-reactive protein (mg/L) | 2.6 (1.7–7.9) | 3.0 (1.7–6.0) | 3.3 (1.6–6.3) | 3.5 (2.0–6.7) |
*Different from other groups (P < 0.05).