Table 5.

Multivariate model comparing in-hospital mortality of patients experiencing stepwise increasing distances to their nearest ED compared with those having no change or decrease

	Patients experiencing increased and decreased change to nearest ED (n=785,385)
	Sample size	Odds Ratio (95% CI)
All time sensitive conditions
Decrease/no change	717808 (91.4%)	Ref
Increase of <2 miles	55846 (7.1%)	1.04 (0.99, 1.10)
Increase of 2-5 miles	7469 (1.0%)	1.03 (0.91, 1.16)
Increase of >5 miles	4262 (0.5%)	1.09 (0.95, 1.26)
AMI
Decrease/no change	149273 (92.0%)	Ref
Increase of <2 miles	10538 (6.5%)	1.06 (0.97, 1.15)
Increase of 2-5 miles	1503 (0.9%)	0.94 (0.71, 1.25)
Increase of>5 miles	938 (0.6%)	1.01 (0.82, 1.24)
Stroke
Decrease/no change	174989 (91.6%)	Ref
Increase of <2 miles	13370 (7.0%)	1.00 (0.93, 1.09)
Increase of 2-5 miles	1752 (0.9%)	1.03 (0.86, 1.25)
Increase of>5 miles	994 (0.5%)	1.22 (1.02, 1.47)
Sepsis
Decrease/no change	178209 (90.3%)	Ref
Increase of <2 miles	16320 (8.3%)	1.05 (0.97, 1.13)
Increase of 2-5 miles	1802 (0.9%)	0.98 (0.82, 1.17)
Increase of>5 miles	1026 (0.5%)	0.93 (0.78, 1.11)
Asthma/COPD
Decrease/no change	215337 (91.8%)	Ref
Increase of <2 miles	15618 (6.7%)	1.09 (0.94, 1.26)
Increase of 2-5 miles	2412 (1.0%)	1.04 (0.62, 1.72)
Increase of>5 miles	1304 (0.6%)	1.00 (0.62, 1.61)

^*models adjusted for age, race/ethnicity, gender, insurance, case-mix index, and Elixhauser comorbidities (congestive heart failure, paralysis, neurological disorders, chronic lung disease, diabetes, renal failure, liver disease, metastatic cancer, solid tumor, coagulopathy, obesity, weight loss, fluid & electrolyte disorders, chronic blood loss anemia, deficiency anemia, peripheral vascular disease, alcohol abuse, and depression), year, and zip code level clustering