Appendix Table A3.

Multivariate model comparing in-hospital mortality of patients experiencing a decrease, no change, and increase in driving time to their nearest ED

	Patients experiencing increased and decreased change to nearest ED (n=785,385)
	Sample size	Odds Ratio (95% CI)
All time sensitive conditions:
Decrease	23,981 (3.1%)	1.01 (0.92, 1.12)
No change	693,827 (88.3%)	ref
Increase	67,577 (8.6%)	1.04 (0.99, 1.09)
AMI
Decrease in driving time to nearest ED	4,580 (2.8%)	1.09 (0.94, 1.25)
No change in driving time to nearest ED	144,693 (89.2%)	ref
Increase in driving time to nearest ED	12,979 (8.0%)	1.04 (0.96, 1.13)
Stroke
Decrease in driving time to nearest ED	5,710 (3.0%)	1.15 (1.00, 1.31)
No change in driving time to nearest ED	169,279 (88.6%)	ref
Increase in driving time to nearest ED	16,116 (8.4%)	1.03 (0.96, 1.10)
Sepsis
Decrease in driving time to nearest ED	5,442 (2.8%)	1.07 (0.94, 1.21)
No change in driving time to nearest ED	172,767 (87.5%)	ref
Increase in driving time to nearest ED	19,148 (9.7%)	1.04 (0.97, 1.11)
Asthma/COPD
Decrease in driving time to nearest ED	8,249 (3.5%)	1.02 (0.80, 1.29)
No change in driving time to nearest ED	207,088 (88.3%)	ref
Increase in driving time to nearest ED	19,334 (8.2%)	1.08 (0.94, 1.24)

^*models adjusted for age, race/ethnicity, gender, insurance, case-mix index, and Elixhauser comorbidities (congestive heart failure, paralysis, neurological disorders, chronic lung disease, diabetes, renal failure, liver disease, metastatic cancer, solid tumor, coagulopathy, obesity, weight loss, fluid & electrolyte disorders, chronic blood loss anemia, deficiency anemia, peripheral vascular disease, alcohol abuse, and depression), year, and zip code level clustering